.'$tti)ipn3)  «r  <t:t6U 


^traf^v^  in  (Bngfanb. 


T/^e  History  &  Science 
of  Heraldry 

CONCISELY     EXPLAINED, 


TOGETHER    WITH 


A    GLOSSARY    OF    TERMS. 

The  whole  Illustrated  with   numerous 
Examples. 

By    EDW.    H.    RENTON. 

NEW     YORK: 
J.    W.    BOUTON,    706   AND    1152,    BROADWAY. 

LONDON: 
WYMAN    &    SONS,    74-76,    GREAT    QUEEN    STREET. 


LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECTURE 


GIFT 


R  4  5 


LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Nos. 

Frontispiece. 

I   &      2. 

Lozenge 

page     IS 

3  to   8. 

Division  Lines 

16 

9  »  14- 

Honourable  Ordinaries     ... 

17 

IS  »  23. 

Subordinate  Ordinaries      ...         

.    18,  19 

24  »  35- 

Lines,  various 

19 

36  ,.  38. 

Furs            

22 

39- 

Fountain 

24 

40. 

Gutt^  or  Drop        

24 

41. 

Arms  of  Chaucer  ... 

25 

42  to  48. 

Colour  Lines 

27 

49  »  SI- 

Arms,  Earl  of  Meath        

..    28,  29 

52- 

Po'ints  of  Shield 

29 

53  to  69. 

Crowns  and  Coronets        

••    32,  33 

63- 

Baronet's  Badge     ...         

33 

64. 

Chapeau 

33 

70  to  78. 

Marshalling             ...         

.    38-42 

79- 

Arms  of  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 

45 

80  to  85. 

Marks  of  Cadency...         

46 

86. 

Seal,  Isabelle  de  la  Beche 

48 

87- 

Arms,  &c.,  of  an  Esquire,  Antique 

50 

88. 

Arms,  &c.,  of  an  Esquire,  Modern 

SI 

397 


Heraldry  in  England. 

Nos.  pa^e    60 

89.  Antelope     ...         "'  ^  *      ^^ 

90.  Avellane  Cross        •••         , 

91-  Breys  y  ^^ 

92.  Beacon        ...  •••         ""         "  ^ 

93.  Bottony  Cross  ...         •••  "■ 

94.  Bouchier  Knot  ...         

95&96.  Bouget        ...  "■  ^^ 

97.  Bugle  Horn...  •••         ^^ 

98.  Cross  Calvary  ^^ 

99.  Escarbuncle  

100.  Catherine  Wheel  ...         •••         •••  

loi.  Chaplet 

102.  ChessRook...         

103.  Cockatrice  ... 

104.  Crosslet 

105.  Dacre  Knot  

106.  Dolphin       

107.  Dragon        ...  ••  ••         "'  'Z 

T08.  Escallop  Shell         •••         


68 
68 
69 

70 

72 

73 
74 
74 


109.  Millrind 

110.  Fetterlock   ...  •••         „ 

111.  Flory  Cross...  •••         •••  • 

112.  Galtrap        •••  ■••  ••  •••         "■  ■"  g^ 

113.  Griffin  ...  ••         •  "         ■■  g^ 

ai4.  Harpy  ••  '  "  g^ 

115.  Harrington  Knot ■•■  ••         ■■  ^^ 

116.  Hawk's  Lure 

117.  Heneage  Knot 


82 
83 


"8.  Tiger  ...         ■•■         •  ■         '  '  g^ 

119.  Ibex...         g 

120.  Maltese  Cross         ••         ••  ■'  gg 

121.  Moline  Cross 


List  of  Illustrations. 


12  2.  Moor-cock  ... 

123.  Holy  Lamb... 

124.  Patt^e  Cross 

125.  Patonce  Cross 

page     88 
90 
90 
91 

126.  Patriarchal  Cross    ... 

91 

127.  Pheon 

91 

128.  Portcullis 

92 

129.  Potent  Cross 

92 

130.  Ragule  Cross 

93 

131.  Recercelee  Cross    ... 

94 

132.  Rest 

133.  Rose,  Heraldic 

94 
94 

134.  Sea-horse     ... 

135.  Shuttle         

136.  Spur 

137.  Stafford  Knot 

95 
96 

97 
97 

138.  Tau  Cross 

139.  Tressure,  Flory  Counter  Flory 

140.  Unicorn 

141.  Wakes  Knot 

98 
99 
99 

ICC 

142.  Wyvern 

lOI 

I 


PREFACE. 


NOUIRIES  have  been  occasionally 
addressed  to  me  on  various  matters 
connected  with  Heraldry,  sometimes 
indicating  considerable  ignorance  of  the 
subject  on  the  part  of  the  questioner. 
Not  only  have  such  enquiries  been  made  by  those 
who  might  be  expected  to  treat  the  matter  with 
comparative  indifference,  but  also  by  draughtsmen, 
designers,  artists,  and  others  to  whom  a  knowledge  of 
Heraldry  is  certainly  desirable,  if  not  indispensable. 

Being  aware  that  some  of  the  admirable  and  com- 
plete works  already  written  upon  the  subject  are  of 
too  diffuse  a  character  to  favourably  impress  the 
student  at  the  outset,  I  am  induced  to  offer  the  follow- 
ing pages  for  the  perusal  of  those  whom  they  may 
concern. 

By  compressing  a  considerable  amount  of  infor- 
mation into  the  smallest  possible  space,  and  avoiding 


4  Heraldry  in  England. 

the  use  of  bewildering  technical  terms,  I  have 
endeavoured  to  excite  an  interest  in  the  subject, 
and  also  to  indicate  in  a  concise  and,  I  trust,  intelligible 
form  many  facts  worthy  of  further  consideration. 

To  assist  in  attaining  this  result,  I  have  introduced 
a  carefully-selected  series  of  Examples,  which  will  be 
found  of  great  service  to  the  student ;  and,  in  order  to 
render  this  work  as  useful  as  possible,  I  have  added 
an  Index,  and  also  a  Glossary  of  General  Terms 
used  in  describing  attitude,  colour,  and  other  details 
connected  with  heraldic  bearings,  charges,  &c. 

As  a  practical  seal-engraver  of  many  years' 
experience,  I  have  taken  considerable  interest  in 
Heraldry,  both  scientific  and  artistic,  and  am  anxious 
to  assist  others  who  may  desire  to  cultivate  the  study 
of  such  a  desirable,  refined,  and  agreeable  subject. 


Edward  H.  Renton. 


44,  South  Hill  Park,  Hampstead, 
October,   1887. 


t 


N  order  to  appreciate  the  due  value  of 
Heraldry  in  England,  it  is  necessary  to 
commence  with  the  consideration  of  its 
probable  origin,  and  actual  usefulness,  in 
affording  a  means  of  rewarding  and  grati- 
fying the  ambitious  in  their  natural  desire  for  personal 
distinction  and  consequent  advancement. 

Although  antiquaries  differ  considerably  on  the 
subject,  we  may  safely  assume  that  the  science  has  no^ 
been  the  outcome  of  any  one  kingdom  or  definite 
period,  but  has  been  gradually  evolved,  and  eventually 
perfected,  by  the  course  of  events  and  force  of 
circumstances. 

The  ancient  Greeks  and  the  Romans  undoubtedly 
possessed  a  kind  of  Heraldry,  possibly  copied  by  them 
from  the  Egyptians,  but  this  vexed  question  is  one 
that  is  open  to  almost  interminable  argument.     We 

B  2 


6  Heraldry  in  England. 

may  safely  assume,  however,  that  in  the  mind  of  man- 
kind there  has  always  existed  a  desire  to  be  known 
and  recognised,  not  only  by  name,  but  also  by  the  aid 
of  some  distinctive  symbol  or  device.  To  this  fact 
we  may  assign  one  reason  for  the  establishment  and 
development  of  that  science  which  we  now  term 
Heraldry, 

To  the  Norman  Conquest  this  country  unques- 
tionably owes  its  first  acquaintance  with  the  actual 
science,  but  in  a  comparatively  uncouth  form,  greatly 
lacking  the  admirable  precision  which  it  subsequently 
attained.  Although  all  civilised  nations  adopted  a 
nearly  assimilated  code  of  Heraldry,  that  which 
England  possesses  preserves  most  unmistakable  evi- 
dence of  the  source  of  its  origin,  from  the  fact  that 
nearly  all  the  important  terms  used  in  connection 
with  the  subject  are  still  retained  in  the  original 
Norman  French,  which  remains  to  the  present  moment 
the  foundation  of  Heraldic  expression  and  chief 
medium  of  description. 

During  the  Crusades,  and  under  the  feudal  system, 
Heraldry  became  ot  recognised  importance  ;  but,  pro- 
bably, one  of  the  chief  causes  conducive  to  the  advance- 
ment of  the  science  was  the  encouragement  given  by 
successive   monarchs  to  the  institution  of  jousts  and 


Heraldry  in  England.  7 

tournaments,  which,  emanating  from  the  Germans,* 
was  subsequently  copied  by  the  French,  and  by  them 
introduced  into  England. 

This  institution  fulfilled  an  important  purpose  in 
encouraging  the  dexterous  use  of  arms,  the  wearing  of 
armour,  and  the  knowledge  of  skilful  horsemanship. 
Such  trials  of  strength,  skill,  and  endurance  would 
doubtless  have  become  mere  exhibitions  of  brutality 
had  they  not  been  properly  supervised  and  ceremo- 
niously conducted  by  the  heralds,  who,  being  specially 
appointed  for  the  purpose,  were  responsible  for  the 
arrangement  and  due  observance  of  details  in  accord- 
ance with  the  rules  of  chivalry  and  honour. 

Armour  becoming  enriched,  and,  moreover,  forming 
a  complete  covering  to  the  wearer  (who,  consequently, 
became  thoroughly  disguised),  the  necessity  arose  that 
some  means  should  be  adopted  for  the  purpose  of 
rendering  identification  both  easy  and  certain,  not 
only  in  the  tournament,  but  also  on  the  field  of  battle. 
To  this  fact  we  doubtless  owe  the  fashion  of  em- 
blazoning that  portion  of  the  armour  called  the  Shield, 
and  also  the  further  development  of  the  distinctive 
ornament  worn  upon  the  helmet,  and  called  the  Crest. 

*  In  Germany  no  man  was  allowed  to  emblazon  arms  who  had 
not  served  in  two  tournaments, 


8  Heraldry  in  England. 

One  of  the  earliest  items  of  authentic  information 
we  derive  upon  this  branch  of  the  subject  is  obtained 
from  the  seal  of  King  Richard  I.,  on  which  the 
equestrian  figure  of  that  monarch  is  shown  wearing 
a  helmet  surmounted  with  the  crest,  and  bearing 
on  his  arm  a  shield  charged  with  the  three  lions 
passant,  to  the  present  day  so  well  known  as  the 
arms  of  England,* 

As  comparative  refinement  advanced,  and  the  rules 
of  Heraldry  acknowledged,  the  Heralds  became 
officers  of  considerable  importance,  and  performed, 
among  other  duties,  the  supervision  of  state  cere- 
monies, arrangement  of  pageants,  conveyance  of 
challenges,  record  of  details  of  trials  by  combat,  the 
precise  organisation  of  jousts  and  tournaments,  and 
the  identification  and  classification  of  the  dead  on  the 
battle-field. 

Eventually  Heraldry  became  valuable  as  an 
accessory   in    the   government    of   the   kingdom,    by 

*  The  eminent  authority,  the  late  J.  R.  Planche,  Esq.,  speaking  of 
the  emblazoned  shield,  says :  "  Persons  of  distinction,  however, 
ornamented  theirs  very  highly  with  gilding  and  various  colours,  and 
though  regular  armorial  bearings  are  fiot  acknowledged  earlier  tha?i 
the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  fanciful  devices  and  personal 
insignia  were  used  by  the  Romans  and  the  Gauls." — *'  History  of 
British  Costume,"  by  J.  R.  Planche,  Somerset  Herald.     (Chap.  III.) 


Heraldry  in  England,  9 

being  instrumental  in  perpetuating  and  substan- 
tiating claims  to  land,  titles,  or  property  obtained  by- 
right  of  conquest,  grant,  or  lineal  descent. 

Some  means  for  the  efficient  exercise  of  this  branch 
of  the  administration  was,  consequently,  necessary  ; 
and,  although  but  little  is  known  concerning  the 
subject  earlier  than  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  it  is 
tolerably  certain  that  four  heralds  were  appointed  by 
Edward  III.,  and  these  were  increased  in  number  by 
his  successor,  Richard  II.  By  Henry  V.  was  created 
the  office  of  Garter  King- at- Arms,  the  Heralds  being 
formed  into  a  society,  acting  under  his  command,  sub- 
sequendy  incorporated  by  charter,  firstly  by  Richard 
III.,  and  finally  by  Edward  VI.*      Thenceforth  the 

*  Thus  established  they  consisted  of  thirteen  members,  as 
follows  : — Three  Kings-at-Arms,  six  Heralds,  and  four  Pursuivants, 
and  in  this  form  they  nearly  remain  to  the  present  time,  the 
Duke  of  Norfolk  presiding  over  them  as  Hereditary  Earl  Marshal 
of  England,  by  right  of  patent  conferred  to  the  Howards  by 
Charles  II.,  1672.  The  College  now  possesses  a  splendid  library, 
consisting  chiefly  of  pedigrees,  genealogies,  and  records,  comprising 
a  portion  of  the  Arundel  MSS.,  the  acquisition  of  the  latter  being 
chronicled  by  Evelyn  as  follows : — "  I  was  called  to  London  to  wait 
"  upon  D.  of  Norfolk,  who  having,  at  my  sole  request,  bestow'd  the 
"  Arundelian  Library  on  the  Royal  Society,  sent  me  to  take  charge 
"  of  the  bookes  and  remove  them,  onely  stipulating  that  I  would 
"  suffer  the  Heralds'  chief  officer.  Sir  William  Dugdale,  to  have 
**  such  of  them  as  concerned  Heraldry  and  the  Marshall's  Office, 


lo  Heraldry  in  England. 

bearing  of  armorial  cognisances  became  subject  to 
rules  and  proper  restrictions,  and  the  science  of 
Heraldry  was  fully  adopted  as  one  of  recognised 
importance. 

To  the  provincial  Kings-at-Arms,  assisted  by  the 
Heralds,  was  entrusted  the  office  of  correcting  all  false 
blazonry,  and  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VHI.  they 
were  empowered  by  Royal  Commission  to  visit  certain 
districts  for  the  purpose  of  correcting  or  defacing  false 

"  bookes  of  armorie  and  genealogies,  the  Duke  being  Earl  Marshall 
"  of  England.  I  procured  for  our  Society,  besides  printed  bookes, 
"neere  loo  MSS.,  some  in  Greeke,  of  greate  concernment.  The 
**  printed  bookes  being  of  the  oldest  impressions  are  not  the  less 
"  valuable.  I  esteem  them  almost  equal  to  MSS. ;  amongst  them 
"  are  most  of  the  Fathers,  printed  at  Basil  before  the  Jesuits  abused 
''  them  with  their  expurgatory  indexes ;  there  is  a  noble  MS.  of 
"  Vitruvius.  Many  of  these  bookes  had  been  presented  by  Popes, 
"  Cardinals,  and  greate  persons,  to  the  Earls  of  Arundel  and 
"  Dukes  of  Norfolk  -,  and  the  late  magnificent  Earle  of  Arundel 
"  bought  a  noble  library  in  Germanie  which  is  in  this  collection.  I 
"  should  not,  for  the  honour  I  bear  the  family,  have  persuaded  the 
"  Duke  to  part  with  these,  had  I  not  scene  how  negligent  he  was 
"  of  them,  suffering  the  priests  and  every  body  to  carry  away  and 
"  dispose  of  what  they  pleas'd,  so  that  abundance  of  rare  things  are 
"  irrecoverably  gone. 

"  Having  taken  order  here,  I  went  to  the  Royal  Society  to  give 
"  them  an  account  of  what  I  had  procur'd,  that  they  might  call  a 
"  Council  and  appoint  a  day  to  waite  on  the  Duke  to  thank  him  for 
"his  munificent  gift." — Evelyn's  "Diary"  (Aug.  29th,  1678). 


Heraldry  in  England.  ii 

armorial  bearings  and  approving  those  which  could 
be  verified  wherever  or  in  whatsoever  manner  dis- 
played. 

These  Visitations  of  the  Heralds  were  supported 
by  stringent  rules  and  regulations  concerning  those 
who  adopted  or  displayed  armorial  cognisances  to 
which  they  were  not  justly  entitled,  and  also  all 
artificers,  sculptors,  glaziers,  engravers,  goldsmiths, 
&c.,  who  should  make  or  set  forth  any  Heraldic 
devices  which  had  not  borne  the  scrutiny  and  received 
the  sanction  of  the  provincial  King-at-Arms  or  his 
deputy.* 

But  Heraldry  not  only  formed  a  convenient  mode 
of  bestowing  eagerly-sought  rewards  for  meritorious 
services,  but  occasionally  a  terribly  severe  means  of 
chastising  those  who  failed  to  uphold  the  honour  and 
dignity  of  distinctions  already  conferred.  Take,  for 
instance,  the  following  : — 

"  Andrew  de  Harcla,  a  knight,  and  Earl  of  Carlisle, 
was  in  this  sort  degraded.  He,  being  apprehended, 
was  by  the  King's  commandment  brought  before  Sir 

*  The  visitations,  having  served  in  their  time  a  most  useful 
purpose,  were  for  many  reasons  finally  abandoned  in  2  James  II. 
(1686).  Under  the  last  commission  granted  to  Sir  Henry  St. 
George  (Clarencieux),  pedigrees  were  registered  as  late  as  1704. 

c 


12  Heraldry  in  England. 

Antony  Lucy  (anno  1322),  apparelled  in  all  the  robes 
of  his  estate  as  an  earl  and  a  knight,  and  so  led  unto 
the  place  of  judgment.  Being  thither  come,  Sir 
Antony  Lucy  said  to  him  these  words,  *  First,  thou 
shalt  lose  the  order  of  knighthood,  by  which  thou 
hadst  all  thy  honour  ;  and  further,  all  worship  upon 
thy  body  be  brought  to  nought.'  Those  words  being 
pronounced,  Sir  Antony  Lucy  commanded  a  knave 
to  hew  the  knight's  spurs  from  his  heels,  and  after 
caused  his  sword  to  be  broken  over  his  head.  That 
done,  he  was  despoiled  of  his  furred  tabard,  of  his 
hood,  of  his  furred  coats,  and  of  his  girdle.  Then  Sir 
Antony  said  to  him  these  words,  '  Andrew,  now  thou 
art  no  knight,  but  a  knave,  and  for  thy  treason  the 
king  doth  will  thou  shalt  be  hanged.'  "* 

Again,  in  1621,  Sir  Francis  Michel,  being  convicted 
of  heinous  offences  and  misdemeanours,  the  knights' 
marshals'  men  cut  off  the  offender's  spurs  and  flung 
them  away,  broke  his  sword  over  his  head,  at  the  same 
time  proclaiming  him  "  an  infamous  arrant  knave." 
In  these  and  other  instances  we  are  able  to  trace 
the  importance  of  Heraldry  as  a  power  in  recognising 
and  rewarding  the  claims  of  merit  and  administering 

*  Segar,  "  Honour,  Militarie  and  Civil." 


Heraldry  m  England.  13 

punishment  to  those  who  transgressed  the  laws  of 
chivalry. 

Eventually  armour,  as  an  actual  protection  in  battle, 
was  doomed  to  gradual  extinction.  The  invention  of 
gunpowder  and  the  successive  improvements  in  the 
construction  of  fire-arms  (the  range  and  precision  of 
the  latter  becoming  extended,  and  the  destructive 
power  of  the  bullet  rendered  more  certain),  armour 
became  rather  an  incumbrance  than  a  protection,  and 
its  uselessness  being  ultimately  acknowledged,  it 
gradually  disappeared,  except  such  portions  as  could 
be  conveniently  retained  as  ornamental  accessories  to 
military  and  official  costume. 

Meanwhile  Heraldry  had  attained  scientific  and  ar- 
tistic importance,  not  only  as  a  means  of  perpetuating 
the  records  of  individual  distinction,  but  had  also 
become  adopted  and  recognised  as  a  necessary  and 
popular  adjunct  to  mediaeval  architecture.  Conse- 
quently, no  cathedral,  castle,  abbey,  or  public  building 
of  any  importance  could  be  deemed  complete  unless 
profusely  adorned  with  heraldic  ornament.  Thus  a 
marvellous  number  of  beautiful  examples  of  the  art 
exist,  not  only  in  sculpture,  brasses,  wood-carvings, 
coloured  tiles,  frescoes,  and  stained  glass,  serving  as 
decorative  accessories  to  walls,  floors,  roofs,  furniture, 

c  2 


14  Heraldry  in  England. 

tombs,  and  windows,  but  also  in  enamels,  Illuminated 
manuscripts,  intricate  works  in  various  metals,  heraldic 
seals,  and  elaborately- worked  tapestries,  banners,  &c., 
forming  collective  evidence  of  active  study  and 
patient  industry,  and  presenting  to  the  antiquary  and 
the  archaeologist  a  vast  amount  of  trustworthy  and 
valuable  information. 

Even  the  peculiar  and  sometimes  grotesque  drawing 
adopted  by  the  mediaeval  artists  is  interesting  on 
account  of  the  thoroughly  original  and  distinctive 
treatment  accorded  by  them  to  heraldic  design.* 
Shields  used  in  actual  warfare  had  recognised  shapes 
and  special  uses ;  nevertheless,  artists  in  nearly  every 
age  appear  to  have  taken  a  delight — for  the  sake  of 
ornament  or  fancy — in  distorting  and  converting  the 
form  of  the  shield  ;  thus  some  are  represented  with 
scrolls  or  foliage  around  the  outer  edges,  while  others 
become  oval,  almond-shaped,  and,  in  fact,  when  used 
as  mural  tablets,  frequently  lose  the  semblance  of  a 
shield  altogether.     But  (excepting  the  Lozenge,  which 

*  Mr.  Ruskin,  in  a  letter  to  myself  upon  this  subject,  remarks : 
"Heraldic  sculpture  is  simply  mediaeval  sculpture  of  high  and 
extremely  beautiful  style — a  Greek  chimera  or  Gorgon  is  a  caricature, 
and  a  vulgar  one,  but  a  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  century  shield  is 
always  noble." 


Heraldry  in  England.  15 

is  specially  reserved  as  an  invariable  indication  that 
the  bearer  is  either  a  spinster  or  a  widow,  see  Examples 
I  and  2)  the  form  of  the  shield  is  of  slight  con- 
sequence, provided  the  heraldic  charges  borne  upon 
the  surface*  have  not  deviated  from  their  original 
truthfulness. 

THE    LOZENGE. 


2.  Scrolled  or 
»•  Plain.  Ornamented. 


It  is  obvious  that  one  of  the  first  considerations  of 
the  Heralds  was  the  division  and  subdivision  of  the 
Shield,  which  they  accomplished  by  means  of  lines 
drawn  in  various  directions,  each  line,  according  to  its 
form  or  position,  having  a  special  name  and  meaning, 

*  Always  in  Heraldry  termed  the  field. 


i6 


Heraldry  in  England. 


— thus,  ''  party  per  pale,''  ''per  fess,"  ''per  bend,''  "per 
chevronl'  and  others  i^see  Examples  3  to  8),  many  of 
these  lines  taking  their  direction  and  deriving  their 
distinctive  names  from  being  drawn  as  a  centre  line 
following  the  form  of  the  so-called  ordinaries  (or 
simple  charges),  the  principal  of  which  are  shown  on 
opposite  page.     {Examples  9  to  14.) 


3.  Party  per  pale. 


4.  Per  fess. 


5.  Per  bend. 


6.  Per  chevron. 


7.  Per  saltier. 


8.  Gyronne  (of  eight). 


Heraldry  in  England. 

HONOURABLE    ORDINARIES. 


17 


^VV 


9.  The  pale. 


10.  The  fess. 


II.  The  bend. 


12.  The  chevron. 


13.  The  saltier. 


14.  The  chief. 


Each  of  the  above  honourable  ordinaries  have 
their  diminutives^  termed  subordinate  ordinaries.*  In 
many  instances  these  are  merely  repetitions  of  the 
ordinaries,  but  in  a  smaller  or  narrower  form  ;  in 
some  cases,  however,  they  vary  entirely  from  them, 
as  will  be  seen  by  Examples  15  to  20. 

*  For  all  Examples  not  given  here  refer  to  Glossary. 


i8 


Heraldry  in  England. 


SUBORDINATE    ORDINARIES. 


15.  The  pile. 


16.  The  bordure. 


17.  Flanches. 


W^V 


18.  The  couple  close. 


19.  The  fret. 


20.  The  canton. 


Whenever  the  lines  are  not  even  or  level  at  the 
edges,  each  variation  bears  a  distinctive  name,  these 
terms  being  not  only  applicable  to  the  division  lines, 
but  also  to  the  ordinaries  themselves  ;  thus  a  chevron 
'^engrailed',*    chief    ^'■indented,''    fess     '^wavy,"    and 


Heraldry  in  England.  19 

several    other   varieties    depicted    in    Examples     21 
to  35- 

21.  The  chevron  engrailed.     22.  Chief  indented.  23.  Fess  wavy. 


33 


n I 


28  34 


29 


XAAAAA/     n^TUt-^ 

24.  Invected.  28.  Escarlele.  32.  Rayonne. 

25.  Dancelte.  29.   Urdee.  33.  Bevelled. 

26.  Dove-tailed.  30.  Nebule.  34.  Angled. 

27.  Embattled.  31.  Potence.  35.  Ragule.  \ 


20  Heraldry  in  England. 

In  addition  to  the  division  lines  and  ordinaries, 
the  Heralds  adopted  nearly  every  object,  animate, 
inanimate,  and  imaginary,  that  could  be  made 
available  to  their  purpose.  Birds,  beasts,  fishes, 
trees,  leaves,  flowers,  insects,  and  crosses*  ;  peculiar 
monsters,  such  as  the  dragon,  wyvern,  griffin,  and 
many  others,  and  even  portions  of  these  objects,  the 
paw,  the  wing,  the  head,  &c.,  were  utilised,  not  only 
as  charges  or  bearings  placed  upon  the  shield,  but 
also  worn  upon  the  helmet  to  form  the  crest. 

Thus  Heraldry  embraced  a  sufficient  supply  of 
material  which,  by  judicious  variation,  could  be  made 
to  form  an  almost  unlimited  number  of  distinctive 
badges.  Although  any  object,  no  matter  how  strange 
or  peculiar,  appears  to  have  been  available  for  heraldic 
purposes,  nevertheless  the  place  and  attitude  of  each 
was  accurately  described,  generally  by  one  word  ;  and 
so  exact  and  precise  the  rules  of  Heraldry  became, 
that  in  a  short  sentence  could  be  conveyed  the  detailed 
particulars  of  a  fully-emblazoned  shield  of  arms. 

Colour  also  plays  a  very  important  part  in  armorial 
designs,  not  merely  added  for  the  sake  of  effect,  but 
thoroughly  governed  by  rule  and  observance.     Red, 

*  Of  which  device  alone  upwards   of  two  hundred    varieties 
exist,  and  are  used  in  Heraldry. 


Heraldry  in  England.  21 

blue,  green,  purple,  and  black  (known  respectively  as 
Gules,  Azure,  Vert,  Purpure,  and  Sable)  forming  with 
the  precious  metals — gold  and  silver  (Or  and  Argent) 
— the  principal  agents  in  this  direction,  and  of  which 
further  mention  will  be  made  in  the  following  pages. 

Furs  are  also  used,  of  which  er^nine  is  the  most 
frequently  utilised  for  heraldic  purposes.  It  is 
intended  to  represent  the  skins  of  the  small  white 
animals  of  the  stoat  tribe,  sewn  together,  the  black 
tips  of  the  tails  being  fastened  at  equal  distances  from 
one  another  upon  the  fur,  and,  when  emblazoned  upon 
the  shield,  is  depicted  with  the  spots  or  tails  hanging 
downwards.*     i^See  Example  No.  36.) 

The  fur  next  in  importance  is  termed  vair,  or 
vaire,  and  is  always  coloured  argent  and  azure,  unless 
otherwise  described,  and,  at  first  glance,  seeming 
totally  unlike  a  fur,  but  rather  having  the  appearance 
of  small  escutcheons  or  shields  placed  side  by  side, 
but  is  now  generally  believed  to  have  been  formed 
from  skins  of  a  small  animal  called  the  varus,  the 
heads,  tails,  and  feet  being  cut  away,  leaving  the 
skins  somewhat   of  the   shape   indicated,    and   sewn 

*  It  is  also  varied  occasionally  as  follows  : — Ermines,  black  with 
white  spots  ;  erminois,  gold  with  black  spots ;  pean,  black  with 
gold  spots. 


22 


Heraldry  in  England. 


together  to  form  the  lining  of  a  garment,  the  skins 
being  placed  alternately,  one  showing  the  inside,  the 
next  the  fur,  the  inside  being  white,  the  outside  grey ; 
which  latter,  being  a  colour  not  recognised  in  Heraldry, 
blue  was  adopted,  as  being  the  nearest  approach  to 
the  natural  tint.*     {^Example  37.) 


36.  Ermine. 


37.  Vair,  or  vaire. 


38.  Potent-counter 
potent. 


One  other  fur,  termed  potent-counter  potent,  has 
given  rise  to  considerable  speculation  concerning  its 
origin.  It  is  but  seldom  used  in  English  Heraldry. 
{^Example  38.) 

*  Guillim,  in  his  "  Display  of  Heraldry,"  remarks  : — "  If  you 
observe  the  proportion  of  this  vaire,  you  shall  easily  discerne  the 
very  shape  of  the  case  or  skinne  of  little  beasts  in  them  ;  for  so  did 
ancient  governors  and  princes  of  the  world  line  their  pompous 
roabes  with  furre  of  divers  colours,  sowing  one  skinne  to  another, 
after  the  plainest  fashion." 


Heraldry  in  England.  23 

While  preserving  strict  rules '  concerning  the  rela- 
tions between  tinctures,  furs,  and  metals,  nevertheless 
heraldic  treatment  allows  considerable  latitude  in 
respect  to  colour  applied  for  the  sake  of  effect  and 
distinction  ;  consequently,  to  animals  and  other  objects 
utilised  in  forming  armorial  cognisances,  it  frequently 
occurs  that  fanciful  tints  are  accorded,  totally  at 
variance  with  the  natural  colour,  such  as  a  lion  gules, 
a  stag  or,  an  eagle  vert,  &c.  &c.  It  is  therefore 
necessary  that,  in  describing  a  shield  of  arms, 
extreme  care  should  be  devoted  to  details  respecting 
colour. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  the 
natural  tint  is  frequently  observed,  and  is  indicated 
by  the  term  "proper."  Thus,  a  stag  trippant  pp''- 
would  indicate  that  the  animal  should  be  shown  trip- 
ping or  walking,  and  of  the  natural  colour. 

But  there  exists  a  class  of  bearings  and  charges 
which  denote  their  own  colour  without  further  descrip- 
tion, and  from  which  no  variation  can  correctly  occur  ; 
and  of  these,  the  circular  objects,  collectively  termed 
RouNDLES,  demand  attention,  being  frequently  met 
with  in  English  blazonry.  Firstly,  the  "  Bezant,"  a 
gold  coin,  is  always  represented  as  a  flat  disc  or ; 
secondly,  the  "  Plate,"  an  object  of  similar  form,  but 


24  Heraldry  in  Englmid. 

arg^-  Other  roundles  are  depicted  of  colour,  and, 
instead  of  being  flat,  are  shown  semi-globular,  and 
named  as  follows — the  Torteau  or  Guze  [gules),  the 
Hurt  (azure),  the  Pomme  (vert),  the  Golpe  (purpure), 
the  Pellet  or  Ogress  (sable),  the  Orange  (tennd),  and 
the  Fountain  (barry-wavy  of  six,  arg^-  and  as.). 
(Example  39.) 

Other  objects  arbitrarily  conveying  their  own  colour 
or  metal,  but  nevertheless  preserving  one  form,  are 


y 

39.  The  fountain.  40.  The  gutte,  or  drop. 

GuTTES  or  drops  (see  Example  40).     Gutte  implies 

sprinkled    with     liquid     drops,    varying     in    colour, 

as  follows : — 

GutU  d'/uiile      )  represent  drops  of  oil,  of  vert  or  green 

Gutti  d' olive      \       colour. 

Gutti  de  larmes )      .       , 

^     .,  r   „  >pamcea  to  represent  water  or  tears. 

Gutte  de  I  eau     ) 

Guttd  d'or,  drops  of  gold. 

Gutti  de  poix,  sprinkled  with  pitch,  and  painted  black 

or  sable. 


Heraldry  in  England.  25 

Gutti  de  sang,  sprinkled  with  blood,  and  painted  red. 
Gutt^  reversed  is  placing  the  drops  contrary  to  their 
natural  position. 
While  treating  of  metals,  colours,  and  furs,  the 
ancient  and  useful  method  of  counter-changing  de- 
mands a  few  words  of  explanation.  Possibly  this  may 
be  more  readily  accomplished  by  giving  one  admirably 


41.  Arms  of  Chaucer. 

simple  example — viz.,  the   arms   of  Chaucer,    which 
Guillim  thus  describes*: — "He  beareth,  parted  per 

*  The  following  interesting  entry  and  footnote  will  be  found  in 
the  Diary  of  Samuel  Pepys,  September  6,  1667  : — 

"To  Westminster,  and  then  into  the  Hall,  and  there  bought 
'  GuiUim's  Heraldry.' "  ^ 


'  The  real  author  of  this  esteemed  book  was  John  Barkham,  who,  being  a 
grave  divine,  gave  the  manuscript  to  John  Guillim,  in  whose  name  it  was  pub- 
lished. It  first  appeared  in  1610,  and  has  often  been  reprinted  with  additions. 
Scott  well  represents  the  use  made  of  it  in  many  families,  when  he  says  old  Sir 
Hildebrand  Osbaldiston  took  up  Guillim  for  Sunday  reading." 


26  Heraldry  in  England. 

pale  argent  and  gules,  a  bend  counter-changed. 
This  coate  pertaineth  to  the  famous  and  learned  poet, 
Geffrey  Chaucer,  Esquire."  By  this  plain  example  it 
is  easily  perceived  that  the  term  counter-changing 
briefly  directs  that  the  metal  shall  receive  the  colour, 
and  the  colour  bear  the  metal,  alternately.  [See 
Example  41.) 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  heraldic  colouring,  it 
would  be  well  to  observe  the  ingenious  method 
(termed  tricking)  by  which  colours,  metals,  and  furs 
are  indicated  where  no  actual  colour  is  used  for  the 
purpose ;  and,  although  a  comparatively  modern  idea, 
dating  from  about  the  commencement  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  it  has  become  universally  adopted, 
not  only  in  plain  drawings  and  engravings,  and  the 
coinage  of  the  realm,  but  also  in  many  other  direc- 
tions. This  result  is  attained  by  an  arrangement 
of  lines  and  dots,  which  indicate  the  different  tints, 
metals,  or  furs,  and  also  enrich  the  effect  of  other 
details  placed  in  immediate  juxtaposition.  A  refer- 
ence to  the  following  examples  will  render  this 
portion  of  the  subject  perfectly  intelligible.*  (Examples 
42  io  48). 

*  One  colour,  termed  Tenne  or  Tawny  (orange)  is  seldom  used, 
but  in  tricking  is  denoted  by  the  lines  of  vert  and  gules  combined. 


Heraldry  in  England.  27 


42.  Gules,  red. 


43.  Azure,  blue. 


44.  Vert,  green.  45.  Purpure,  purple.  46.  Sable,  black. 


47.  Or,  gold. 


48.  Argent,  silver. 


28  Heraldry  in  England, 

In  describing  or  drawing  a  shield  of  arms,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  bear  in  mind  that  the  shield  is  supposed  to  be 
held  in  position  by  the  owner  as  it  would  be  in  actual 
use.  consequently  that  which  is  assigned  to  the  dexter 
(or  right)  is  really  to  the  left  of  the  beholder  ;  and  it  is 
necessary  to  remember  that  in  the  use  of  colours,  metals, 
or  furs,  no  colours  should  be  placed  one  upon  the  other 
without  an  intervening  metal,  and  by  the  same  rule  the 
metals  are  always  separated  by  the  interposition  of  a 
colour.  It  is  also  an  invariable  rule  to  commence  from 
the  Field  or  surface,  by  naming  the  dominant  colour 
or  metal  before  mentioning  the  bearings  with  which 
it  is  charged.  This  can  be  easily  understood  by 
the  following  plain  examples  (the  arms  of  the  Earl 
of  Meath) : — G2des  on  a  bend  or,  three  martlets 
sable.     {Examples  49,  50,  and  ^i.) 


49,  Gules.  50.   Gules  on  a  bend  or. 


Heraldry  in  England. 


29 


51.  Gules  on  a  bend  or;  three 
martlets  sable. 


In  order  to  simplify  reference  to  any  portion  of  the 
shield,  the  following  nine  points  are  of  acknowledged 
assistance  (see  Example  52) — i,  dexter  chief;  2,  sinister 


52- 


chief;  3,  middle  chief;  4,  honour  point ;  5,  fess  point ; 
6,  nombril  point ;  7,  dexter  base  ;  8,  sinister  base ; 
9,  middle  base. 


E  2 


30  Heraldry  in  England. 

An  important  consideration  in  Heraldry  is  the  means 
of  indication  and  recognition  of  the  different  grades 
and  degrees  of  those  entitled  to  the  use  of  armorial 
bearings. 

One  method  by  which  this  is  accomplished  is 
by  the  position  and  shape  of  the  helmet ;  the 
Royal  helmet  being  of  gold,  richly  ornamented,  and 
having  the  visor  raised,  showing  the  interior  lined 
with  crimson,  and  the  opening  protected  by  six  vertical 
bars.  This  helmet  is  always  placed  full-faced.  The 
helmet  borne  by  nobility  is  somewhat  similar,  but 
placed  three-qua7'ter-face ;  and  that  assigned  to 
Baronets  and  Knights  is  shown  full  front,  but 
without  bars,  and  of  steel,  ornamented  with 
gold,  the  visor  raised,  and  the  helmet  lined  with 
crimson.  The  Esquire's  helmet  is  also  of  steel, 
with  gold  ornaments,  but  placed  in  profile,  the 
visor  closed. 

In  addition  to  this  means  of  indicating  degree,  the 
crowns  and  coronets  appertaining  to  royalty  and  no- 
bility afford  most  distinctive  and  unmistakable  tokens 
of  the  different  grades.  Commencing  with  the  well- 
known  royal  crown  of  England,  and  passing  from 
royalty  to  the  different  ranks  of  nobility — the  Duke, 
the    Marquis,    the     Earl,    the    Viscount,    and    the 


Heraldry  in  England.  31 

Baron*  (see  Examples  ^'^  to  62),  with  the  latter  the 
right  to  the  use  of  a  coronet  ends, — we  next  arrive 
at  the  grade  of  the  Baronet,  which  concludes  the  list 
of  those  empowered  to  bear  hereditary  titles,  and  is 
indicated  for  Baronets  of  the  United  Kingdom  by 
that  honourable  badge,  the  red  hand  of  Ulster 
(Example  63).  The  lower  grades,  the  Knight  and 
Esquire,  are  indicated  merely  by  the  helmet.  The 
foregoing,  together  with  the  distinctive  Mitres 
appertaining  to  the  higher  dignitaries  of  the  Church, 
and  the  Chapeau,  or  cap  of  dignity  {Example  64), 
form  the  chief  portion  of  the  head-gear  used  in 
English  Heraldry. 

Other  coronets,  in  addition  to  the  foregoing,  are 
frequently  met  with,  chiefly,  however,  in  connexion 
with  crests,  which  are  often  described  as  issuing 
from  a  coronet.  These  coronets  are  also  placed 
upon  the  heads  of  animals  or  birds,  and  often  around 
their  necks  in  the  manner  of  a  collar  (Examples 
65  to  69). 


*  Coronets  are  frequently  drawn  showing  the  velvet  cap  issuing 
from  above,  and  ermine  below,  the  rim ;  but  this  practice  has  been 
somewhat  abandoned,  the  caps  and  ermine  being  similar  in  each 
coronet,  and  therefore  of  no  aid  in  indicating  difference  of 
degree. 


54. 

53-   Royal  or  Imperial 

55.   Royal  Duke.                        Crown.  56.   Princess. 

57.  Nephew  of  the  Blood  Royal.  58.  Duke. 

59.   Marquis.  60.   Earl. 

61.  Baron.                54.   Prince  of  Wales.  62.  Viscount. 


64.   Chapeau,  or  Cap  of  Dignity. 

65.   Ducal  Coronet.  66.  Naval  Coronet. 

63.  Baronet's  Badge. 
67.  Mural  Coronet.  68.  Vallerie 

69.  Eastern  Coronet. 


34  Heraldry  in  England. 

In  connection  with  this  portion  of  the  subject,  it 
would  be  well  to  consider  the  crest  Wreath,  by  some 
erroneously  termed  the  bar.  This  wreath  was 
composed  of  two  twisted  and  entwined  bands  of  silk, 
representing  the  principal  metal  and  colour  contained 
in  the  shield  of  arms  of  the  owner,  and  was  placed 
on  the  helmet  around  the  base  of  the  crest,  and 
as  ordinarily  depicted  (one  side  only  being  seen) 
consists  of  six  twists,  three  of  colour  and  three 
of  metal  alternately,  commencing  with  the  metal 
and  ending  with  the  colour.  {See  Examples  87 
and  88.)* 

Ornamental  accessories  have  been  at  all  times  freely 
adopted  by  Heraldic  artists,  and  should  not  be  hastily 
condemned,  excepting  where  they  confuse  or  en- 
croach upon  the  correctness  of  the  main  subject. 
Take,  for  instance,  the  Lambrequin,  which  was 
originally  a  piece  of  drapery  depending  from 
the  crown  of  the  helmet,  and  intended  not 
only  for  ornamental  purposes,  but  also  of  actual 
use  in  preserving  the  helmet  from  the  effects 
of  the  atmosphere,  and  consequent  dulness  or 
rust. 

*  Note  that  when  a  crest  issues  from  a  coronet  or  is  placed  upon 
a  cap  of  dignity,  the  wreath  is  omitted. 


Heraldry  in  England.  35 

Being  placed  on  the  most  assailable  portion  of  the 
armour,  it  frequently  became  torn  or  cut,  and  the 
consequent  jagged  appearance  of  the  edges  was  prized 
by  the  wearer,  as  affording  evident  proof  of  active 
service.  But,  although  the  lambrequin  is  at  the  present 
time  technically  unimportant,  possessing  no  distinctive 
significance  (and  can  be  retained  or  omitted  at 
pleasure),  possibly  no  portion  of  heraldic  ornament 
has  been  so  intricately  elaborated  or  successfully 
adopted  for  artistic  effect.  {See  Examples  87 
and  88.) 

Another  interesting  and  popular  adjunct  in  con- 
nection with  Heraldry  is  the  Motto.  Royal  insignia, 
orders  of  knighthood,  badges  of  distinction,  and  many 
corporate  institutions  have  adopted  some  special  in- 
scription or  motto  which  is  admittedly  unchangeable, 
but,  although  mottoes  are  generally  supposed  to  form 
a  portion  of  ordinary  and  hereditary  armorial  bearings, 
the  rules  of  Heraldry  do  not  forbid  the  changing  or 
substitution  of  a  motto  at  the  will  of  the  owner. 
Neither  are  there  any  arbitrary  regulations  concerning 
the  language  in  which  they  may  be  expressed,  Latin, 
French,  or  English  being,  however,  the  chief  mediums 
adopted  for  the  purpose.  The  motto  is  at  the  present 
time  generally  displayed  upon  a  flowing  ribbon  placed 


36  Heraldry  in  England. 

above  the  crest,  or  below  the  shield,  but  can  be  cor- 
rectly introduced  into  any  portion  of  the  surroundings 
of  the  design  ;  but  on  no  account  should  it  be  per- 
mitted to  hide  or  take  precedence  of  the  armorial 
bearings.     (See  Examples  86,  87,  and  88.) 

Possibly  the  handsomest  portions  of  heraldic  de- 
signs are  the  Supporters.  This  term  is  applied  to  the 
figures  placed  on  either  side  of  the  shield,  generally  in 
the  attitude  of  leaning  upon  or  supporting  it.  Con- 
siderable difference  of  opinion  has  existed  among 
Heralds  and  other  authorities  concerning  the  origin  of 
these  devices,  some  maintaining  that  they  arose  from 
the  ancient  custom  of  the  knights  engaged  in  the 
tournament  clothing  their  pages  and  armour-bearers 
in  fanciful  costumes  and  sometimes  in  the  skins  of  wild 
beasts,  and  thus  founding  a  precedent  for  those  orna- 
mental accessories.  Others  assert  that  supporters 
were  originally  the  outcome  of  the  caprice  of  engravers 
and  designers,  who  frequently  dealing  with  a  given 
heraldic  subject  which  seldom  covered  the  available 
surface,  filled  in  the  unoccupied  portion  with  scrolls, 
leaves,  animals,  or  other  fanciful  devices.  Whatever 
their  origin  may  have  been,  supporters  have  become 
a  recognised  portion  of  the  heraldic  insignia  borne  by 
peers  of  the  realm.  Knights  of  the  Bath,    proxies  of 


Heraldry  in  England.  yj 

the  Blood  Royal,  nobility,  and  in  many  instances 
by  corporate  assemblies.  Supporters,  although  un- 
doubtedly handsome  accessories,  are  not  of  primary 
heraldic  importance.  Take,  for  instance,  the  most 
familiar  supporters  that  can  probably  be  selected, 
viz.,  the  well-known  lion  and  the  unicorn  of  the  royal 
arms  of  England,  or  again,  the  two  dragons  which 
support  the  arms  of  the  City  of  London.  In  either 
case  the  entire  omission  of  the  supporters  is  of  slight 
consequence,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
of  the  absence  of  the  royal  supporters  on  the  current 
coin  of  the  realm,  and  also  in  many  of  the  royal 
seals. 

The  foregoing  remarks  will  possibly  have  indicated 
that,  while  considerable  artistic  licence  may  be  per- 
mitted in  connection  with  some  of  the  accessories, 
nevertheless  the  emblazoned  shield  and  the  crest  are 
most  important  portions  of  heraldic  composition.  The 
form  and  attitude  of  the  crest  and  details  con- 
cerning the  bearings  on  the  shield  are,  conse- 
quently, always  described  and  depicted  with  the 
utmost  care  and  precision,  in  order  to  ensure  absolute 
correctness. 

The  principal  aim  of  Heraldry,  in  connection  with 
the  "  pride  of  ancestry,"  consists  in  perpetuating  the 

F   2 


38 


Heraldry  in  England. 


record  of  lineage,  or  direct  line  of  descent ;  conse- 
quently, intermarriage  and  other  causes  necessitate 
the  display  of  the  arms  of  several  families  upon  one 
shield.  This  is  termed,  according  to  circumstances. 
Marshalling,  Impaling,  or  Quartering. 

In  proceeding  to  briefly  consider  the  method  of 
marshalling  and  emblazoning  an  ordinary  shield  of 
arms  appertaining  to  husband  and  wife,  let  it  be 
supposed  that  A,  a  bachelor,  bears  for  his  arms 
gules f  a    bend  or  {see   Example    70),    and  that    B,   a 


70.  Bachelor. 


71.  Spinster. 


spinster,  bears  her  paternal  arms,  argent,  a  cross- 
crosslet  fitchee  gules,  within  a  bordure  aztire. 
(See  Example   71.)      After    the    marriage,    the    two 


Heraldry  in  England. 


39 


arms  are  impaled  on  one  shield  {see  Example  72),* 
bearing  in  mind  that  the  arms  of  the  husband  are 


72.  Husband  and  wife. 


73.  Widow. 


always  placed  on  the  dexter  side.  If  B  become 
a  widow,  she  retains  the  two  arms  In  the  same 
position,  but  again  reverts  to  the  lozenge,  f  (See 
Example  ']2)') 

Should  B,  however,  at  the  time  of  her  marriage 
have  been  an  heiress,  instead  of  her  shield  of  arms 
being  impaled  as  just  described,  the  husband  would 


*  Observe  in  single  arms,  or  quarterly,  a  bordure  is  shown 
complete,  but  when  impaled  it  terminates  at  the  division  line. 

t  See  remarks  on  Lozenge,  p.  15.  .  Note  also  that  spinsters  and 
widows  are  not  entitled  to  the  crest,  and  that  a  man  marrying  a  widow 
effaces  her  former  husband's  arms. 


40 


Heraldry  in  England. 


bear  it  in  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  (or  inescutcheon) 
placed  in  the  centre  of  his  shield  {see  Example  74), 


74.  Heiress,  married. 


75.  Children  of  heiress. 


and  the  children  of  the  marriage,  at  the  death  of  their 
mother,  would  be  entitled  to  perpetuate  her  coat  of 
arms  by  quartering  it  with  the  paternal  arms.  (See 
Example  75.) 

In  this  manner  arises  the  practice  of  quartering 
shields  of  arms  of  families.  Although  widows 
display  the  deceased  husband's  arms  upon  the 
lozenge,  nevertheless  some  difference  of  opinion 
has  existed  concerning  the  emblazonment  of  the 
shield  of  arms  of  a  widower.  In  the  event  of 
his  re-marrying,  some  authorities  incline  to  the 
opinion  that  where  the  first  wife  has  not  been  an 
heiress  her  armorial  bearings  should  be  effaced  from 


Heraldry  in  England. 


41 


his  shield,  but  this  idea  is  not  often  adopted,  the 
prevailing  custom  permitting  the  deceased  wife's 
armorials  to  remain,  and  generally  governed  in  the 
manner  indicated  by  the  following  examples. 

Let  it  be  supposed  that  A  having  married  a  second 
wife  C,  he  then  divides  the  shield  into  three  equal 
portions  palewise,  placing  his  own  arms  in  the  centre, 
and  apportioning  the  dexter  division  of  the  shield  to 
his  late  wife  B,  and  the  sinister  to  C  (or,  three 
escallop  shells  sable),  neither  wife  an  heiress.  (See 
Example  76.) 


But  should  A  on  the  second  occasion  have  married 
an  heiress,  he  would  be  entitled  to  bear  her  armorials 
in  an  escutcheon  of  pretence  placed  on  his  shield,  in 


Heraldry  in  England. 

the   centre   of  the  dexter  side  of  the  impalement. 
{See  Example  yy.) 


77. 


In  the  event  of  the  deceased  wife  B  having  been 
an  heiress,  and  the  second  wife  C  also  an  heiress,  A 
would  emblazon  their  armorials  each  upon  a  separate 
escutcheon  of  pretence  placed  side  by  side  upon  his 
own  shield.    {See  Example  78.) 


Before,  however,   a  woman  can  be  actually  con- 


Heraldry  in  England.  43 

sidered  an  heiress,  she  must  have  no  father,  brother, 
or  descendant  of  a  brother,  living  ;  the  presumption 
being  that,  during  the  lifetime  of  the  father,  even 
should  he  become  a  widower,  by  re-marriage  he 
renders  the  birth  of  a  male  infant  possible,  to  the 
consequent  extinction  of  the  right  of  the  daughter 
to  be  termed  an  heiress. 

Another  consideration  in  connexion  with  lineage 
is,  that  the  woman  cannot  confer  rank  or  title  by 
marriage.  For  instance,  suppose  a  peeress  marries  an 
esquire.  Although  she  retains  her  title  for  life,  she 
cannot  confer  the  dignity  upon  her  husband;  and  if  she 
have  a  son  by  a  former  marriage,  the  title  at  her  death 
descends  to  him  ;  consequently,  the  arms  of  the  hus- 
band and  wife  are  displayed  separately — his  upon  a 
shield,  with  his  crest  above,  while  the  lady  retains 
the  lozenge,  together  with  the  supporters,  and  the 
coronet  is  placed  over  her  arms  only. 

But  this  rule  is  reversed  concerning  the  man. 
Thus,  for  example,  if  a  peer  of  the  realm  marries  a 
lady  beneath  his  own  rank,  such  marriage  immediately 
raises  the  lady  to  the  husband's  position,  and  their 
armorial  bearings  are  impaled  on  one  shield,  the  lady 
sharing  the  title  and  adopting  the  use  of  the  coronet 
by  right  of  equality  with  the  husband. 


44 


Heraldry  in  England, 


Even  under  these  circumstances,  however,  the  wife 
is  not  entitled  to  show,  in  connexion  with  her  armorial 
bearings,  either  the  collars  or  badges  of  the  orders  ot 
knighthood,  or  decorations  conferred  upon  the  husband 
for  distinguished  services,  such  distinctions  having 
been  specially  awarded  to  the  man  only;  consequently, 
it  frequently  becomes  necessary  to  make  use  of  two 
shields  placed  side  by  side,  the  orders  and  badges 
being  shown  in  connexion  with  the  arms  of  the  man 
on  one  shield,  the  arms  of  the  wife  being  impaled 
with  those  of  the  husband  on  the  other,  but  the 
coronet  is  placed  equally  above  the  two  shields^  in 
order  to  indicate  that  the  title  is  shared  by  the 
husband  and  wife  conjointly. 

Archbishops  and  bishops  retain  the  ancient  custom 
prevailing  before  the  Reformation,  when  the  privilege 
of  marriage  was  denied  to  them  by  the  Romish 
Church,  and  continue  to  impale  their  paternal  coat 
only  with  the  arms  of  the  see,  giving  precedence  to 
the  latter  by  placing  their  own  armorial  bearings  on 
the  sinister  side  of  the  shield  (see  Example  79). 
Consequently,  when  it  is  desired  that  the  arms  of 
the  wife  should  be  added,  a  second  shield,  impaled 
with  arms  of  the  husband  and  wife,  is  adopted  for 
this  purpose,    the  two  shields  being  placed  side  by 


79- 


Benson. 
Argent,  three  trefoils  sable  between 
two  bendlets  gules. 


Canterbury. 

Azu  re,  an  episcopal  staff  in  pale  argent, 
ensigned  with  a  cross  pattee  or,  sur- 
mounted by  a  pall  of  the  second,  edged 
and  fringed  of  the  third,  charged  with 
four  crosses  formee  fitchee  sable. 

The  above  is  an  enlargement  of  the  Signet  of  His  Grace,  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 


G    2 


46 


Heraldry  in  England. 


side,  the  one  containing  the  arms  of  the  see  taking 
precedence. 

Marks  of  distinction  or  filiation,  termed  Cadency, 
are  used  in  conjunction  with  marshalling,  in  order  to 
indicate  the  different  branches  of  families.  Thus,  the 
mark  of  distinction  for  the  first  son  is  the  label,  the 
second  son  the  crescetit,  the  third  son  a  mullet,  the 


lsr-LJsrz\ 


80.  First  son. 


CADENCY. 


81.  Second  son. 


82.  Third  son. 


83.  Fourth  son. 


84.  Fifth  son. 


85.  Sixth  son. 


fourth  son  a  martlet,  the  fifth  son  an  atmulet,  the 
sixth  son  a  fleur-de-lis  [see  Examples  80  to  85).* 
These  marks  are  generally  borne  as  nearly  as 
possible  to  the  "middle  chief"    point  of  the   shield, 

*  Those  who  wish  to  gain  a  complete  knowledge  of  detail  con- 
cerning Cadency  and  Differencing  would  do  well  to  carefully  peruse 
"  English  Heraldry  "  (chaps,  xii.  and  xiii.),  by  the  late  Chas.  Boutell, 
M.A. 


Heraldry  in  England.  47 

and  should  also  be  placed  upon  the  crest  where 
possible,  and  upon  the  shoulders  of  supporters.  Being 
what  may  be  termed  accidental  charges,  and  in  order 
to  avoid  false  Heraldry,  they  can  be  shown  either  in 
metal  or  colour,  according  to  circumstances. 

Another  method  of  arranging  the  various  armorial 
bearings  belonging  to  a  family  without  marshalling 
them  on  one  shield  was  frequently  adopted,  especially 
on  seals,  and  which  might  appropriately  be  termed 
GROUPING.  This  was  accomplished  by  showing  each 
arms  on  a  separate  shield,  these  being  arranged  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  form,  together  with  the  accessories 
or  surroundings,  one  perfect  design.  The  annexed 
enlargement  of  the  seal  of  "  Isabelle  de  la  Beche  " 
{Example  86)  illustrates  the  perfection  which  this  style 
and  arrangement  had  attained  early  in  the  fourteenth 
century.* 

*  This  interesting  seal  was  turned  up  from  the  earth  in  1871  at 
Beche,  near  Aldworth,  on  the  borders  of  Berkshire,  and  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  site  where  stood  the  old  mansion 
occupied  (thirteenth  century)  by  successive  generations  of  the  fanjily 
De  la  Beche.  At  Aldworth,  by  the  courtesy  of  the  vicar  (in  whose 
possession  the  seal  remains),  the  author  was  permitted  to  take  a  wax 
impression,  from  which  the  above  illustration  has  been  made.  The 
seal  is  of  solid  silver,  about  one  inch  in  height,  and  the  face  nearly 
seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  both  seal  and  engraving  being 
in  a  perfect  state  of  preservation. 


^  Heraldry  in  England.  53 


T 

nth   the  Royal  Approbatmi)    to    the    most   Noble 

^  omas  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Earl  Marshal  and  Here- 

iry  Marshal  of  England  that  such  Anns  and  Crest 

1/  be  granted  and  assigned  to  him  as  He  and  his 

ascendants     may     law  filly    bear    and    use,      And 

^^hereas  his  Lordship   being  well   satisfied   of   the 

oyalty  and  Fidelity  of  the  said  Samuel  Vanderplank 

"^'7  his  Majesties  Person  and  Government,  and  also  of 

lis  sufficiency  to  support  the  State  and  Degree  of  a 

Gentleman  hath  by  Warrant  under  his  hand  and  Seal 

^bearing  date  the  fourth  day  of  January  last.  Directed 

'us  to  devise  a  Grant  and  Assign  unto  the  said  Samuel 

'Vanderplank  such  Arm,s  and  Crest  accordingly.     Now 

'now  ye,  That  We  the  said  Garter  and  Clarenciezix  in 

ptirsuajice  of  the  said  Warrant  of  the  said  Earl  of 

^ 'ssex  and  by  vertue   of  the   letters  Patent  of  our 

'   ces  to  each  of  Us  respectively  Granted  under  the 

at  Seal  of  G^-  Britain  Do  by  these  Presents  Grant 

Assign  to  the  said  Sarnuel  Vanderplank  and  His 

.  fidl  Descendants  the  Arms  and  Crest  hereafter 

P    ^  ^^'^Honed   viz    Party   per   fess    crenelle   Argent 

^  ,  \d  Gtdes  on  a   canton    vert   a   golden    fleece, 

For  his  Crest  on  a  wreath  of  the   Colours  a  demy 

TYGER  PROPER  holding  between  his  fore  paws  a  Shield 

ARGENT  charged  with  an  Eagle  displayed  sable  as 

H    2 


54  Heraldry  in  England. 

in  the  margin  hereof  is  more  plainly  depicted,  to  be 
borne  and  used  for  ever  hereafter  by  him  the  said 
Samuel  Vanderplank  and  the  Heirs  and  other 
Descendants  of  his  body  Lawfully  begotten  with  their 
due  and  proper  differences  according  to  the  Law  a?td 
Practice  of  Arms  without  the  Lett  or  Lnterruption  of 
any  Person  or  Persons  whatsoever,  In  witness 
whereof  We  the  said  Garter  and  Clarencieux  have  to 
these  Presents  subscribed  our  Names  and  affixed  the 
Seals  of  our  respective  Offices  this  first  day  of  August 
in  the  first  year  of  the  Reign  of  our  Sovereigne 
Lord  George  the  Second,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of 
Great  Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  Defender  of  the 
Faith  &"•     Anno  D'  1727. 

'fohn  Anstis,  Garter  Knox  Ward  Clar' 

Principal  King  of  A  rms.  King  of  A  rins. "  * 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  Heraldry  remains 

*  This  grant  many  years  since  and  under  peculiar  circumstances 
came  into  the  possession  of  my  father,  the  late  Mr.  J.  Renton. 
It  is  engrossed  upon  a  large  skin  of  vellum,  and  the  whole  of  the 
written  portion  is  enclosed  in  a  beautifully-designed  and  illuminated 
border.  The  document  is  additionally  interesting  from  the  fac 
that  it  bears  the  signature  of  John  Anstis,  one  of  the  most 
industrious  and  celebrated  of  Heralds. 


Heraldry  in  England.  55 

of  importance  in  connexion  with  honours,  dignities, 
titles  of  nobility,  orders,  and  decorations,  the  awarding 
of  which  still  forms  one  of  the  special  and  graceful 
prerogatives  of  the  Crown ;  and  the  ceremonies 
attending  these  investitures  continue  to  be  conducted 
under  the  control  of  the  Heralds,  and  are  duly  recorded 
and  registered  at  the  College  of  Arms. 

Treating  of  the  history  and  science  of  Heraldry,* 
more  with  the  object  of  stimulating  others  to  further 
research  than  to  impress  the  student  with  a  false  idea 
of  its  magnitude,  this  little  treatise  will  have  sufficiently 
explained  the  rudiments,  to  enable  those  who  desire 
a  more  detailed  acquaintance  with  the  subject  to 
obtain,  by  the  aid  of  such  technical  works  as  may  be 

*  It  is  somewhat  surprising,  and  also  a  matter  for  regret,  that 
students,  especially  those  in  upper-class  schools,  are  not  encouraged 
to  acquire  a  thorough  knowledge  of  this  interesting  subject  \  never- 
theless, the  following  plan  of  self-instruction  will  be  found  of  great 
service  : — Take,  for  instance,  "Burke's  Peerage,"  carefully  read 
description  of  any  armorials  given  therein,  and  make  drawings  accord- 
ing to  the  information  conveyed,  subsequently  correcting  by  the  aid 
of  the  illustrations.  After  pursuing  this  course  for  a  time,  reverse  the 
order  of  procedure :  study  the  illustrations,  and  endeavour  to 
describe  the  armorial  bearings  and  all  other  details,  and  afterwards 
correct  by  the  aid  of  the  printed  description.  By  this  means  much 
knowledge  may  be  gained,  not  only  of  the  different  bearings,  but 
also  of  correct  heraldic  method  and  arrangement. 


56  Heraldry  in  England. 

found  requisite,  a  complete  knowledge  of  many  items 
of  interest  which  have  not  come  within  the  scope  of 
these  pages. 

Undoubtedly,  a  wider,  deeper,  and  more  general 
appreciation  of  the  laws  and  spirit  of  Heraldry  would 
tend  to  preserve  the  science  in  its  integrity,  and  also 
deter  many  of  those  in  the  present  day  who  pos- 
sess neither  right  nor  title  to  ancestral  honours,  but 
nevertheless  assume  without  authority  the  use  of 
armorial  bearings,  not  necessarily  from  a  desire  to 
deceive,  but  frequently  through  love  of  ostentation 
and  lack  of  knowledge. 

In  conclusion,  it  must  be  admitted  that  Heraldry 
has  left  a  lasting  mark  upon  the  nation  by  aiding 
in  the  preservation  of  the  memories  of  royal,  noble, 
and  family  distinction,  forming  an  interesting  con- 
nexion between  the  Past  and  the  Present,  and 
remaining  of  service  to  the  Future,  in  perpetuating  the 
record  of  many  important  events  in  the  annals  of  the 
State  largely  contributing  to  the  glorious  history  of 
the  kingdom. 


Heraldry  in  England.  57 

In  a  work  such  as  the  foregoing,  traversing  so 
much  ground  and  condensing  the  result  into  such 
limited  space,  it  may  possibly  have  happened  that 
some  slight  omissions  have  occurred.  The  Author 
respectfully  intimates  that  he  will  esteem  it  a  favour 
if  correspondents  will  kindly  suggest  to  him  what 
additions  it  might  be  desirable  to  make  in  order  to 
render  future  editions  of  increased  practical  value. 

The  Author  has  endeavoured  in  the  following 
Glossary  to  accurately  describe  the  various  objects 
appertaining  to  the  subject,  and  where  the  description 
might  possibly  fail  to  convey  a  complete  idea  of  form, 
&c.,  he  has  added  illustrations  as  a  further  guide  to 
the  student. 


f 


3nl>e;e  anb  (Bfo00atg^ 


ABAisSfi,  abased,  or  placed  below. 
Abbreviations  (in  colour) — 

Arg,,  Ar.,  silver  Or,  gold. 

Az.,  blue.  Pp^,  proper     or     natural 

Erm.,  ermine.  colours. 

Gu.,  red.  Sa.,  black. 

Abatement,  a  mark  of  dishonour. 
AccOLLfi,  collared  or  gorged. 
Accosted  {see  Cotised). 
Accoutred,  term  applied  to  a  war-horse  when  fully  equipped 

or  habited. 
Accrued,  signifying  a  tree  fully  grown. 
Achievements,  armorials  fully  emblazoned. 
Acorn,  the  seed  of  the  oak,  sometimes  borne  as  a  charge  ; 

also  shown  growing  upon  the  tree  {see  Fructed). 
Addorsed,  back  to  back. 
Adumbrated,  shadowed. 
Affront^  or  Affronted,  facing  the  beholder. 
Aggroupment  or  Grouping,  47,  48  {see  Example  No.  86). 
Aiglette,  eaglet. 
AlGUISE  {see  FiTCHfi). 


6o 


Heraldry  in  England. 


AlSLfi,  winged  (of  a  colour  or  metal). 

Alant,  a  dog  of  the  mastiff  species  with  short  ears. 

Allerion,  an  eagle  displayed,  shorn  of  the  beak  and  claws. 

Alternate,  alternated. 

Ambulant,  walking. 

Anchored  ^  ,.   ,  ,     .       , 

-  '  /  term  applied  to  a  cross,  havmg  the  extremities 

A  ^P^^      '     C         open  and  curved  backwards  {see  Moline). 

Angled  {see  Example  No.  34,  p.  19). 

Annulet,  a  ring  ;   also  used  in  Cadency  as  the  mark  of 

difference  for  fifth  son  {see  Example  No.  84,  p.  46). 
Ant,  the  emmet. 


Antelope,  an  animal  of  the   deer  tribe  {see  Example  No. 

89)  as  depicted  in  modern  heraldry. 
Antic,  antique  {see  Example  No.  '^y). 
Apoum£e,  a  hand  open,  showing  the  palm. 
Apres  or  Apree,  a  fabulous  animal,  shown  as  a  bull  with 

the  tail  like  that  of  the  bear. 
Argent  or  Ar.,  silver. 
Armed,  grasping  a  weapon  ;  also  a  term  used  in  describing 

the  colour  of  the  horns  or  tusks  in  animals,  or  in  birds  of 

prey  the  beak  and  claws. 


Index  and  Glossary.  6i 

Armed  at  all  Points,  completely  encased  in  armour. 
Armour,  forming  a  disguise,  7. 

gradual  decline  of,  as  a  protection,  1 3. 

Arms,  of  England,  when  adopted,  8. 

of  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  [see  Example  No.  79). 

of  Chaucer,  25. 

manner  of  marshalling,  28,  38. 

of  Earl  of  Meath,  28,  29. 

of  peer  marrying  a  commoner,  43. 

Arrach£,  erased,  or  torn  from  the  body. 
Arrayed,  clothed  or  habited. 
ASPECTING,  beasts  or  birds  facing  each  other. 
Aspersed  {see  Sem£e). 
ASSIS,  sitting  full  front. 
ASSURGENT,  rising  from  the  sea. 
ASTROID,  a  star  having  five  straight  points. 
Attired,  a  term  used  in  speaking  of  the  antlers  of  the  stag 
kind,  thus  :  a  buck  trippant  gules,  attired  or. 


90. 

AVELLANE,  a   cross  composed  of   four   objects   resembling 

filbert  nuts  (Example  No.  90). 
Aversant,   showing  the  back  of    a   hand,  the   reverse   of 

Apoum£e. 
Augmentation,  a  mark  of  honour  granted    for   special 

services,  and  emblazoned  on  the  shield. 

I  2 


62  Heraldry  m  England. 

Aur£  {see  GUTTfi  d'OR,  p.  24). 

Aylet,  a  sea-swallow,  or  Cornish  chough. 

Azure,  blue,  abbreviated  Az.  {see  p.  27,  No.  43). 


Bachelor,  manner  of  emblazoning  arms  of  {see  p.  38). 
Badge,  an  heraldic  device  worn  or  displayed  in  addition  to 

the  shield,  chiefly  in  connexion  with    the   honourable 

orders  of  Knighthood  {see  also  Baronet.s) 
Badger  {see  Brock). 
Banded,  encircled  with  a  band. 
Banneret,  a  small  square  flag. 
Bar,  a  diminutive  of  the  fess. 
Barbed,  a  term  used  in  describing  the  point  of  an  arrow  or 

spear  ;  also  applied  to  the  leaves  of  the  heraldic  rose 

and  the  beard  of  barley  or  wheat. 


Barnacle  or  Brey,  an  instrument  formerly  used  by  farriers 

to  curb  restive  horses  (Example  No.  91), 
Baron  {see  p.  31). 
Baronet's  Badge  {see  p.  33). 
Baronets  of  Nova  Scotia,  Badge  of,  A  Saltier,  thereon 

an  inesciitcheon  of  the  arms  of  Scotland,  with  an  imperial 

crown  above  the  esaitcheon. 


Index  arid  Glossary. 


63 


Barrulet,  a  diminutive  of  the  bar. 

Barry,  a  term  indicating  that  the  shield  is  to  be  divided  into 

a  given  number  of  equal  spaces  barwise. 
Bart  or  BarT  ,  abbreviations  for  Baronet. 
Base  {see  Example  No.  52,  p.  29). 
Basilisk  as  Cockatrice,  but  with  the  extremity  of  the 

tail  terminating  with  a  dragon's  head. 
Basinet,  a  kind  of  helmet. 
Baton  or  Baston,  a  straight  staff  or  truncheon. 
Battled  or  Embattled  {see  Example  No.  27,  p.  19). 
Baldrick  or  Baudrick,  a  sword-belt. 


92. 


Beacon  or  Fire  Beacon  (as  shown  in  heraldry)  (Example 

No.  92). 
Beaked  or  BECQUfi,  terms  generally  used  in  describing  the 

colour  of  a  bird's  beak,  thus  :    an  eagle's  head  sa.,  beaked 

or  becqu^  or. 
Bear,  the  well-known  four-footed  animal ;   frequently  used 

in  English  heraldry,  and  usually  drawn  tolerably  true 

to  its  natural  form. 


64 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Bearded  {see  Barbed). 

Bearings  (in  heraldry),  the  devices  or  charges  which  are 

borne  upon  a  shield  or  coat  of  arms. 
Belled,  term  applied  to  a  hawk  or  falcon  having  the  bells 

upon  its  legs. 
Bend,  one  of  the  honourable  ordinaries  {see  Examples  Nos. 

50  and  70,  pp.  28  and  38). 
Bendlet  {see  Arms,  Benson,  Example  No.  79,  p.  45). 
Beaver,  the  vizor  of  a  helmet. 
Bevel  or  Bevelled  {see  Example  No.  33,  p.  19). 
Bezant,  a  gold  disc  or  coin  {see  p.  23). 
BEZANTfiE  or  Bezanty,  strewn  with  bezants. 
Billet,  an  oblong  object  frequently  met  with  in  English 

heraldry,  by  some  supposed  to  represent   a  brick,  by 

others  compared  to  a  folded  letter. 
Billetty,  strewn  with  billets  {see  Sem£e). 
Bird-bolt,  an  arrow  having  a  blunted  head. 
Bishop,  manner  of  emblazoning  arms  of  {see  p.  44). 
Black,  sable  {see  Example  No.  46,  p.  27). 
Blades  or  Beaded,  the  leaves  and  stalk  of  grain. 
Blazonry,    the    -emblazoning    or     heraldic    depicting     of 

armorials. 
Blemished  {see  Abatement). 
Block-brush,  a  brush  composed  of  twigs  of  myrtle. 
Blue,  azure  {see  Example  No.  43,  p.  27), 
Blue  Mantle,   title  of  one  of  the   pursuivants   of  arms 

{see  foot-note,  p.  9). 
Boar,  wild  boar,  or  sanglier. 
Bolt  {see  Bird-bolt). 
Bolting,  term  for  hare  or  rabbit  at  full  speed. 


Index  and  Glossary. 


65 


Border  or  Bordure  {see  Example  No.  71,  p.  38),  manner  of 
impaling,  39. 


BOTTONE,  BoTTONY,orTREFFL£E,CROSS(Example  No.  93). 


94- 


BOUCHIER  Knot  (Example  No.  94). 


95- 

BOUGET  or  Water-BOWGET,  a  vessel  anciently  used  for  the 

purpose  of  carrying  water  (Examples  Nos.  95,  96). 
Bowed  or  Embowed,  the  human  arm  is  thus  described  when 

intended  to  be  shown  severed  at  the  shoulder  and  bent 

backwards  from  the  elbow. 
Braced,  interlaced. 
Brand  or  Fire-brand,  in  heraldry  shown  as  a  stake   or 

ragged  staff,  burning  at  one  extremity. 


66 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Brey  {see  Barnacle,  Example  No.  91). 

Brinded,  spotted. 

Brisee,  broken. 

Bristled,  applied  in  mentioning  the  mane  of  a  boar,  thus 

a  boar  passant  gu.,  bristled  or. 
Broad  Arrow  {see  Pheon). 
Brock,  an  heraldic  term  for  the  common  badger. 
Buckler,  a  shield. 


97- 

Bugle-horn   (as    generally  borne    in    heraldry,   Example 

No.  97,  sometimes  without  strings). 
Burgonet,  a  kind  of  steel  cap  or  headpiece. 

Cabossed  or  Caboshed,  an  animal's  head  shown,  full-faced, 

and  devoid  of  any  portion  of  the  neck. 
Cadency  {see  p.  46). 
Caltrap  {see  Galtrap). 


1 

fir   IrJ 


Calvary  Cross  (Example  No.  98). 


Index  and  Glossary. 


67 


Canelle  {see  Invect,  Example  No.  24,  p.  19). 

Can  NET,  a  duck  devoid  of  beak  and  feet. 

Canterbury,  arms  of  Archbishop  of  {see  Example  No.  79, 

P-  45)- 
Canting  {see  Rebus). 
Canton,  one  of  the  honourable  ordinaries  {see  Example  No. 

20,  p.  18). 
Cap  of  Dignity,  \  {see    Example   No. 

Cap  of  Maintenance  or  Chapeau,  i      64  and  p.  31). 
Cap,  velvet,  remarks  on,  31. 
Caparisoned  [see  Accoutred). 


99. 


Carbuncle  or  Escarbuncle,  supposed  to  represent  the 
rays  emitted  by  a  precious  stone  of  that  name,  but 
really  a  piece  of  ornamental  metal-work  intended 
to  strengthen  the  shield,  and  subsequently  adopted  as 
a  bearing  (Example  No.  99). 

Casque,  a  helmet. 


68 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Cat-a-Mountain  or  Wild  Cat,  this  animal   in  heraldry 

is  always  shown  guardant. 
Caterfoil  {see  Quatrefoil). 


Catherine  Wheel  or   St.   Catherine's    Wheel,    an 

instrument  of  torture  (Example  No.  lOo). 
Caul,  the  hood  of  a  monk's  gown. 
Centaur,  Sagittarius. 
Chained  {see  Collared). 
Chamber-piece,  a  short  cannon  or  mortar. 
Chapeau  {see  Cap  of  Dignity  or  Maintenance). 


Chaplet,  a  wreath  (Example  No.  loi). 

Charged,  bearing  or  marked  with  devices  or  charges. 


Index  and  Glossary.  (yc^ 

Charges,  the  various  devices  with  which  a  bearing  may- 
be marked,  thus  :  an  eagle  displayed  sa.,  charged  on 
the  breast  with  a  crescent  or. 

Charges,  or  Bearings,  denoting  their  own  colour,  23. 

Checky,         -\ 

Cheou£  L  ^^'^"^  applied  to  any  space  or  object  covered 

Checouered   j      ^^'^^  squares  of  alternate  colour  and  metal. 

ChevelEe,  flowing,  a  term  applied  to  hair. 

Cherub,  in  heraldry  a  child's  head  supported  between 
wings. 


Chess  Rook,  sometimes  found  in  armorials,  and  shown  as  in 

Example  No.  102. 
Cheval-trap  {see  Galtrap,  Example  No.  112). 
Chevron,  one  of  the  honourable  ordinaries  {see  Example  No. 

12,  p.  17). 
Chevronel,  the  diminutive  of  the  chevron. 
Chief,  one  of  the  honourable  ordinaries  {see  Example  No. 

14,  p.  17). 
Chough,  a  Cornish  crow,  having  a  black  body,  the  beak  and 

legs  red. 
CiNQUEFOlL,  five-leaved  shamrock. 

K  2 


70 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Clarencieux,  title  of  one  of  the  Kings-at-Arms. 
Clarion  or  Claricorde  {see  Rest). 


I 


103. 


Cockatrice,  an  imaginary   object,  combining  the  head  of 

the    cock   with   the   body   of    the    wyvern     (Example 

No.  103). 
Collared,  wearing  a  collar  (or  GORGED).     To  the  collar  is 

frequently  attached  a  chain  or  cord  ;  the  animal  is  then 

described  as  either  collared  and  chained  or  collared  and 

lined. 
Colours  and  Metals,  heraldic  method  of  arrangement,  26. 

method  of  indicating  by  lines  or  dots,  27. 

natural,  how  described,  23. 

used  in  emblazoning,  21. 

College  of  Arms  {see  Heralds'  College). 
Combatant  or  Confront^,  two  lions  or  other  ferocious 

beasts  in  the  act  of  fighting,  shown  rampant  and  facing 

each  other. 


Index  and  Glossary.  71 

C0MP0N£  or  GOBONY,  applied  to  a  bordure  divided  by 
colour  and  metal  alternately,  each  occupying  the  whole 
width  of  the  bordure. 

Coney,  a  rabbit. 

CoNTOURNfi  {see  Regardant). 

Conjoined,  linked  together. 

Corbie,  a  raven  or  crow. 

CORLED,  coiled  or  twisted. 

Coronated,  crowned  or  wearing  a  coronet. 

Coronets,   remarks   upon,  30,    31    {see   Examples   on   pp. 

32,  ll\ 
Coronet,  naval,  33. 

vallerie,  33. 

duke's,  32. 

ducal,  33, 

marquis's,  32. 

baron's,  32. 

viscount's,  32. 

earl's,  32. 

mural,  33. 

Cost  or  Cotise,  a  diminutive  of  the  bend. 

COTISED,  enclosed  within  two  cotises. 

COUCHANT,   couching,    applied   to   the   position  of  animals 

resting,  with  the  forepaws  extended  and  the  head  raised. 
Counter,  in  an  opposite  direction  or  manner. 
Counter-changing,  method  of,  25. 
Couped,  separated  by  a  clean  cut. 
CoUPLE-CLOSE,  a  diminutive  of  the  chevron   {see  Example 

No.   18,  p.  18). 
COURANT,  running. 


72  Heraldry  in  England. 

Coward  or  Cowed,  animals  depicted  with  the  tail  between 

the  legs. 
Crenell£,  embattled  {see  Example  No.  27,  p.  19). 
Crescent,  a  half  or  crescent  moon;  in  Cadency  the  difference 

for    second    son    {see   Example    No.    81,   p.  46;    also 

Increscent  and  Decrescent). 
Crest  or  Cognizance  {see  pp.  7,  50,  51). 

used  for  purposes  of  distinction,  7. 

importance  of  correctly  describing,  37. 

spinsters  not  entitled  to,  39. 

Crest  Wreath,  remarks  upon,  34. 

Crested,  applied  in  describing  the  comb  or  tuft  on  a  bird's 

head. 
Crined,  generally  used  in  describing  the  colour  of  the  mane 

when  it  differs  from  that   of  the   animal  to   which   it 

belongs. 
Crosier,  a  bishop's  or  pastoral  staff,  somewhat  in  the  form 

of  a  shepherd's  crook. 
Cross.     Numerous  varieties  of  this  emblem  exist,  many  of 

them  but  seldom   met  with.     Those  chiefly  utilised  in 

English  heraldry  are  indicated  in  their  alphabetical  order. 


104. 


Cross-CROSSLET  {see  Example  No.  104). 
CroSS-CROSSLET  FITCHfiE   {see  Examples  Nos.  71,  jZ,  pp. 
38  and  42). 


Index  and  Glossary.  73 

Crowns,  remarks  upon,  30  {see  Examples  on  pp.  32,  33). 

Crusily,  strewn  with  cross-crosslets,  without  regard  to 
number. 

Cubit,  term  applied  to  the  human  arm  when  cut  off  at  the 
elbow.  In  rough  measurement,  the  length  from  the 
elbow  to  the  extremity  of  the  middle  finger. 

Cuirass,  a  breast-plate. 

CuiSSES,  leg  armour. 

Cygnet,  a  swan. 


Dacre,  knot  (Example  No.  105). 

Dansett£  or  DANCETTii  {see  Example  No.  25,  p.  19). 

Debruised.  An  animal  when  used  as  a  bearing  is  thus  termed 

when  partly  hidden  by  having  an  ordinary  placed  across 

or  over  it. 
Decollated,  without  a  head. 
Decrescent,  a  crescent  or  half-moon  turned  with  the  points 

or  horns  towards  the  sinister. 
Degradation  or  Degrading  (i-^-^  pp.  11  and  12). 
Degree,  manner  of  indicating,  3c 
Demi,  a  term  invariably  used  in  heraldry  to  denote  the  half 

of  any  object  or  animal. 
Dexter,  the  right  side,  the  reverse  of  sinister. 


74 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Difference  {see  Distinctions),  in  Cadency,  46. 

Dismembered,  an  animal  or  bird  separated  from  its  legs  and 
tail. 

Disarmed,  applied  to  the  eagle  when  represented  without 
beak  or  claws. 

Displayed,  sometimes  termed  Spread  when  applied  to  the 
eagle,  shown  fully  exposed,  with  wings  and  claws  ex- 
panded. 

Distinctions  or  Differences  {see  Cadency),  46. 

Division  Lines,  16,  19. 


Dolphin,  a  sea-fish  ;  in  heraldry,  unless  otherwise  described, 

is  drawn  as  Example  No.  106). 
Dormant,  sleeping. 


Dragon,  a  fabulous  monster,  frequently  used    in  heraldry 
{see  Example  No.  107). 


Index  and  Glossary.  75 

Drops  {see  Gutte  ;  Example  No.  40,  p.  24). 

Ducal  or  Crest  Coronet.  This  coronet  differs  from  the 
duke's  coronet,  each  alternate  leaf  being  omitted.  It  is 
very  frequently  used  at  the  base  of  the  crest  {see  Ex- 
ample No.  65,  p.  33). 

Duke's  Coronet  \see  Example  No.  58,  p.  32). 

Eagle,  the  well-known  bird  of  prey,  more  frequently  adopted 
for  heraldic  purposes  than  any  other  member  of  the 
feathered  tribe. 

Eaglet,  the  young  of  the  eagle. 

Earl,  Coronet  of  {see  Example  No.  60,  p.  32). 

Eastern  Coronet  {see  Example  No.  69,  p.  33). 

Elevated,  term  applied  to  the  wings  of  birds  when  com- 
pletely raised. 

Embattled  {see  Crenell£). 

Emblazoning,  ancient  rule  in  Germany,  foot-note,  7. 

manner  of  procedure,  28. 

Embowed  {see  Bowed). 

Embraced,  braced  or  tied  together. 

Embrued,  Imbrued,  smeared  or  dripping  with  blood. 

Endorse,  a  diminutive  of  the  pale. 

Endorsed  {see  Addorsed).  Also  applied  to  the  position  of 
wings  when  slightly  raised  and  carried  in  a  line  above 
the  back. 

Enfiled,  pierced  by  the  blade  of  a  sword. 

Engrailed  or  Ingrailed  {see  Example  No.  21,  p.  19). 

Entwined,  \ 

Envelloped,  or  I  surrounded  or  encircled  by  an  object. 

Environed,        J 


76  ,    Heraldry  in  England, 

EQUlPPEDj-'Completely  clothed  or  caparisoned. 

Eradicated,  forcibly  torn  from  the  roots. 

Erased  or  Erazed,  torn,  leaving  ragged  edges  {see  CREST,  in 

Examples  Nos.  87  and  88,  pp.  50  and  51). 
Erect,  upright. 

Ermine,  a  fur  {see  Example  No.  36,  p.  22). 
Ermines,  a  variety  of  ermine,  black  with  white  tails. 
Erminois,  a  variety   of  ermine,   white   with  black  tails  or 

spots,  each  having  one  red  hair  added. 
Erminites,  a  variety  of    ermine,   gold    with    black    tails 

or  spots. 


Escallop-shell  (Example  No.  108). 

Escarbuncle  {see  Carbuncle). 

EscARTELfi  {see  Example  No.  28,  p.  19). 

Escutcheon  or  Shield,  nine  points  of,  29. 

Escutcheon    of    Pretence,  the   lesser   shield    used  in 

displaying  the  arms  of  an  heiress  {see  Example  No.  74, 

p.  40). 
Etoile  or  ESTOILE,  a  star  of  six  points  wavy. 


Index  and  Glossary.  77 

Esquire,  helmet  of,  30  {see  Examples,  87  and  88). 

Falcon,  a  hawk. 


Fer  DE  Mouline,  a  millrind  (Example  No.  109). 
Fess  or  Fesse,  one  of  the  ordinaries  [see  Example  No.  10, 
p.  17). 


Fetterlock  or  Fetlock  (Example  No.  no). 

FiTCHfi  or  Fitchee,  a  cross  pointed  at  one  extremity  {see 

Example  in  lozenge,  No.  71,  p.  38). 
Field,  the  surface  of  a  shield. 
Fimbriated,  edged. 
Fire-ball,  a  grenade. 
Fire-beacon  {see  Beacon). 

Flanch,  "V  one  of  the  subordinate  ordinaries  formed  by 
Flanque,  or  >-  lines  curving  inwards  from  the  sides  of  the 
Flasque,       J      shield  {see  Example  No.  17,  p.  18). 

L  2 


78 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Flexed  or  Flected,  bent  or  bowed. 

Fleece  or  Golden  Fleece,  the  body  or  skin  of  a  sheep 

or,  and  hung  by  the  middle. 
Fleur  DE  Lis,  a  well-known  heraldic  device  ;  also  used  as  a 

mark  of  Cadency  for  sixth  son  {see  Example  No.   85, 

p.  46). 
FoRMfiE,  Cross  {see  Arms  of  Canterbury,  Example  No. 

79,  P-  45)- 


III. 


Fleury,  Flory,  Flurty,  or  Flurett£,  terms  used  to 
denote  anything  terminating  or  ornamented  with  the 
fleur-de-lis,  thus:  a  cross  fiory  (Example  No.  iii. 
See  also  Tressure,  Flory  Counter-Flory). 

Flotant,  a  banner  or  flag  flying  in  the  breeze. 

Fountain  {see  Example  No.  39,  p.  24). 

Fret,  one  of  the  subordinate  ordinaries  {see  Example  No.  19, 
p.  18). 

Fretty,  interlaced  ;  also  narrow  bands  crossing  diagonally. 

Fructed,  bearing  fruit. 

Furs  used  in  heraldry  {see  Examples  Nos.  36,  37,  and  38, 
p.  22). 

Furnished  {see  Caparisoned). 


Index  and  Glossary.  79 

Fusil,  a  charge  resembling  the  lozenge,  but  rather  elongated 
in  form,  supposed  to  represent  a  kind  of  spindle. 


Galley  {see  Lymphad). 


GalTRAP,  Caltrap,  or  Cheval-TRAP,  instruments  formerly 
used  in  warfare  to  gall  or  check  the  enemies'  horses ; 
they  were  made  of  iron,  and  formed  with  four  points  in 
such  a  manner  that  when  strewn  upon  the  field  one  of  the 
points   always  turned  upwards  {see  Example  No.  1 1 2). 

Game  or  Gambe,  the  paw  of  a  wild  beast. 

Garb  or  Garbe,  a  sheaf  of  grain. 

Garbed,  habited  or  clothed. 

Gardant  or  GUARDANT,  term  applied  to  animals  with  the 
head  turned  full  front,  thus  :  Hon  X2ssy^2x\l  giiardant  {see 
Examples  Nos.  87  and  88). 

Garland  {see  Chaplet). 

Garter  {see  Knighthood). 

Garter  King-at-Arms  {see  Heralds). 

Gauntlet,  armour  for  the  hand. 

Gaze,  or  At  Gaze,  term  applied  to  stags,  harts,  &c.,  when 
looking  towards  the  beholder. 


8o  Heraldry  in  England. 

Gemelles  or  Gemel,  bars   or  rings  borne   in   couples   or 

double. 
Genuant,  kneeling. 
Gobon£  or  GOBONY  {see  COMPONfi). 
Golden  Fleece  {see  Fleece). 
GOLPE,  a  roundle  coloured  purple,  24, 
GONFANNON,  a  banner. 

Gorged,  wearing  a  crown  or  coronet  around  the  neck. 
Grade,  manner  of  indicating^  30. 
Grants  of  Arms,  52. 
Grices    or    Grieces,   steps    {see    base   of   Cross,    Calvary, 

Example  No.  98). 


"3- 

Griffin  or  Gryphon,    an  imaginary   monster  frequently 

used  in  heraldry  (Example  No.  113). 
Grouping  or  Aggroupment,  47,  48. 
Guardant  {see  Gardant). 
GUIGE,  the  shield-belt  (as  shown  on  frontispiece), 
GUILLIM  ("Display  of  Heraldry"),  22,  25. 
Gules,  red  {see  Example  No.  42,  p.  27). 
GUTTE,  a  drop  {see  Example  No.  40,  p.  24). 


Index  and  Glossary.  8i 

GUTTfiE  or  GUTTE,  sprinkled  with  drops. 

Gyron,  one  division  of  gyronny. 

Gyronn£  or  Gyronny.      When    the   shield  is  divided  p" 

cross  and  /''  saltier  it  is  termed  gyronni  of  eight  {see 

Example  No.  8,  p.   i6),  or  when  divided  p"  fesse  and 

p  saltier^  gyronne  of  six. 
Habergeon,  a  coat  or  jacket  in  mail  armour,  but  without 

sleeves. 
Habited,  clothed. 
Hand  {see  Baronet's  Badge,  Example  No.  63,  p.  33  ;  also 

APOUMfiE  and  Aversant). 


114. 


Harpy,  an  imaginary  object,  having  the  head  and  bust  of  a 
woman  and  the  body  of  a  vulture  (Example  No.  114). 


"5- 
Harrington  Knot  (Example  No.  115). 


82  Heraldry  in  England. 

Hatchment  (Funereal),  shield  of  arms  displayed  in  a 
lozenge-shaped  border,  upon  the  residence  of  the  owner 
lately  deceased. 

Haurient,  term  applied  to  fishes  when  shown  upright  or 
palewise. 


ii6. 

Hawk's  Lure  or  Decoy  (Example  No.  ii6). 

Heath-cock  {see  Moor-cock). 

Heiress,  42,  43. 

Helm    or   Helmet,    armour   for  the  head   {see  Examples 

Nos.  87  and  88). 
Helmets,  as  indications  of  grade,  30. 

of  nobility,  description  of,  30. 

Helved,  term  used  in  describing  the  handle  of  a  weapon. 
Hempbreake    or    Hackle,  an  instrument  used  in  former 

times  for  the  purpose  of  bruising  hemp. 


117. 
Heneage  Knot  (Example  No.  117). 


Index  and  Glossary. 

Heralds,  their  ancient  duties,  8. 

appointment  of,  9. 

as  an  official  fraternity  (foot-note),  9. 

present  number  of  (foot-note),  9. 

library  (foot-note),  9. 

visitations,  their  object,  1 1. 

duties  of,  present,  52. 

rights  of,  52. 


83 


The  titles  of  the 
Herald,    Chester 


Heralds'  College  {see  pp.  9,  10,  55). 

Heralds     are     as    follow : — Windsor 

Herald,    Richmond    Herald,    Somerset    Herald,   York 

Herald,  Lancaster  Herald  {see  also  King-AT-Arms  ;  also 

Pursuivant). 
acquisition  of  portion  of  Arundelian  Library  (foot-note), 

10. 
Heraldic  Sculpture,  remarks  on,  by  Prof  Ruskin,  14. 


Heraldic  Tiger  or  Tyger  {see  Example  No.  118). 
Heraldry,  probable  origin  of,  5,  6. 

former  use  and  value  of,  8,  9. 

rules  adopted,  10. 

in  architectural  and  domestic  ornament,  13,  14. 


M 


84  Heraldry  in  England. 

Heraldry,  archaeological  importance  of,  14. 

various  signs  and  objects  adopted,  20. 

method  towards  self-instruction  in,  55. 

its  present  importance,  55,  56. 

Hereditary  Earl  Marshal  (foot-note),  9. 
Holy  Lamb  {see  Paschal  Lamb). 
Hooded,  a  hawk  or  falcon  wearing  the  hood. 
Horn  (Hunting)  {see  Bugle-horn). 
Horns,  the  points  of  a  crescent. 
Hurt,  a  roundle  blue,  or  azure,  24. 
HURTY,  charged  or  strewn  with  hurts. 
Hydra,  a  fabulous  monster  formed  like  the  dragon,  but  with 
seven  heads. 


119. 

Ibex,  a  kind  of  heraldic  antelope  (Example  No.  119), 

Imbattled  {see  Embattled). 

Imbowed  {see  Embowed). 

Imbrued  {see  Embrued). 

Impaling  or  Impaled,  a  shield  divided  palewise  {see  Example 

No.  72,  p.  39). 
method  of,  38. 


Index  and  Glossary.  85 

In ,  term  used  to  describe  bearings  or  charges  disposed 

in  the  direction  of  an  ordinary  when  no  ordinary  is  really 
shown,  thus  :  hi  bend  (or  bendwise). 

Increscent,  the  crescent  moon  with  the  horns  or  points 
turned  towards  the  dexter,  the  reverse  of  decrescent. 

Indented  {see  Example  No.  22,  p.  19). 

Indorsed,  back  to  back  [see  Endorsed). 

Inescocheon,  a  small  escutcheon  shaped  like  a  shield. 

Invected  {see  Example  No.  24,  p.  19). 

ISABELLE  de  LA  Beche,  seal  of,  48  {see  Example  No.  Z6). 

Jessant,  issuing. 

Jesse,  the  leather  fastening  by  which  the  bell  is  attached  to 

the  legs  of  the  falcon. 
JOINANT,  conjoined. 
Just  or  Joust,  the  tournament. 
influence  of,  in  connexion  with  heraldry,  6,  7. 

King-at-Arms,  one  of  the  chief  Heralds. 

Knight,  description  of  helmet,  30. 

Knighthood,     orders      and     collars,     how     arranged    in 

emblazoning,  44. 
chief  orders  of  which  in  Great  Britain  are  : — 

The  Most  Noble  Order  of  the  Garter. 

The  Most  Honourable  Order  of  the  Bath. 

The  Most  Illustrious  Order  of  St.  Patrick. 

The  Ancient  Order  of  the  Thistle. 
Knot.       Knots   of    various    forms    are    borne   as    family 

badges,    and     will     be    found    depicted    under    their 

M  2 


86  Heraldry  in  England, 

initial  letters  {see  Examples  Nos.  94,  105,  115,  117,  137, 
141). 

Label,  borne  in  Cadency  as  distinction  or  difference  for  first 

son  {see  Example  No.  80,  p.  46). 
Lamb,  Holy,  or  Paschal,  lamb  {see  Example  No.  123). 
Lambrequin  {see  p.  34  and  Examples  Nos.  Zy^  88). 
Langued,  tongued  (of  a  colour). 
Larmes  {see  Gutte). 
Leashed,  applied  to  the  cord  attached  to  the  collar   of  a 

dog. 
Leopard,  depicted  like  the  lion,  but  without  the  mane  or 

the  tuft  at  the  extremity  of  the  tail. 
Lines  of  Partition  {see  p.  16). 

varieties  of,  19. 

Lined  {see  Collared). 

Lion,  sometimes  termed  the  king  of  beasts,  very  frequently 

used    in    heraldry  {see  Examples  Nos.  87,  88),  and   in 

various  attitudes. 
Lioncels,  small  lions. 

Lodged,  term  used  in  describing  a  stag  at  rest. 
Lowered  {see  Abaiss£). 
Lozenge  {see  Examples  Nos.  i   and  2,  p.   15  ;    Examples 

Nos.  71  and  73,  pp.  38,  39). 
Lucy,  the  pike  or  jack. 
Lure  {see  Hawk's  Lure). 
Lymphad,  an  ancient  form  of  ship. 

Mace,  a  wooden  club  or  bdton. 
Mail,  ring  or  scale  armour. 


Index  and  Glossary.  87 

Maintenance,  Cap  of,  or  Dignity,  also  Chapeau   {see 
Example  No.  64,  and  pp.  31,  33). 


Maltese  Cross  {see  Example  No.  120). 

Manche  or  Maunch,  a  long,  hanging  sleeve. 

Mantle,  a  rich  cloak  generally  shown  lined  with  ermine  and 

deeply  fringed. 
Mantling  {see  Lambrequin,  p.  34,  and  Examples  Nos. 

87,  88,  pp.  50,  51). 
Marks  of  Filiation  {see  Cadency),  46. 
Marshalling,  38-49. 

arms  of  a  peeress  wedded  to  an  esquire,  43. 

arms  of  archbishop  or  bishop,  44  {see  Example  No.  79, 

p.  45). 

arms  of  husband  and  wife,  39. 

arms  of  widow,  39. 

arms  of  heiress  married,  40. 

arms  of  children  of  heiress,  40. 

arms  of  husband  twice  married,  41,  42. 

Martlet  {see  Example  No.  83,  p.  46),  mark  in  Cadency 

for  fourth  son. 
Marquis,  coronet  of,  32. 
Mascle,   a  lozenge-shaped    figure,   open  or  voided    in    the 

centre. 


88  Heraldry  in  England. 

Membered,  term  used  in  describing  the  colour  of  birds'  legs, 

membered  of  a  colour. 
Metals  and  Colours,  heraldic  arrangement  of,  26. 
Mill-rind  or  Mill-rine  {see  Fer  de  Mouline,  Example 

No.  109). 
Miniver,  a  fur  of  the  ermine  kind. 
Mitre,  archbishop's  {see  Example  No.  79,  p.  45).     Mitres 

have  varied  considerably  in  form   at  different  periods. 

Much  interesting  information  on  the  subject  is  contained 

in    Lee's    "  Glossary  of    Liturgical    and    Ecclesiastical 

Terms,"  pp.  217-220. 


MoLiNE  Cross  (No.  121). 


Moor-cock    or    Heath-cock,  as  shown  in   Heraldr>'  {see 
Example  No.  122). 


Index  and  Glossary.  89 

Motto,   remarks    upon    {see    Examples  Nos,    87,   88,   and 

PP-  35,  36). 
Mound,  part  of  the  regalia,  a  ball  surmounted  by  a  cross. 
Mound  or  Mount,  a  grassy  hillock. 
Mounting,  rampant. 
Mullet,  the  rowel  of  a    spur,   with  five  points,  mark   of 

difference  for  third  son  {see  Example  No.  82,  p.  46). 
Mural  (crown)  {see  Example  No.  6j,  p.  33). 
Muzzled,  wearing  a  muzzle,  in  heraldry  generally  seen  on 

the  head  of  the  bear. 


Naiant,  swimming. 

Naissant,  issuing  from. 

Naval  Crown  {see  Example  No.  66,  p.  33). 

NOMBRIL  Point,  centre  of  the  shield  {see  Example  No.  52, 

p.  29). 
Norman  Conquest,  influence  on  heraldry,  6. 
NORROY,  title  of  one  of  the  Kings-at-Arms. 
Nowed,  knotted  or  twisted. 

Of ,  the  field.     Term  used  in  order  to  avoid  repetition, 

and  denoting  that  the  charge  or  bearing  is  of  the  same 
tincture  or  metal  as  the  field  previously  mentioned. 

Ogress  or  Pellet,  a  black  roundle  {see  p.  24). 

Ond£  or  Und£,  wavy. 

Or,  gold. 

Ordinary,  a  simple  charge  {see  p.  17). 

Ordinary  of  Arms,  a  classified  list  of  armorials. 

Orle,  a  bordure,  but  not  extending  to  the  edge  of  the  shield. 


90  Heraldry  in  England. 

Over-all  or  Surtout  {see  Debruised). 

Ounce  or  Lynx,  an  animal  of  the  tiger  tribe.  y 

P.,  abbreviation  for  purpure  or  purple. 
Pale,  one  of  the  ordinaries  {see  Example  No.  9,  p.  17). 
Per  Pale,  party  per  pale  [see  Example  No.  3,  p.  i6). 
Paly,  a  term  used  when  the  shield  is  ruled  palewise  into  a 

specified  number  of  divisions. 
Pall  [see  Example  No.  79,  Arms  of  Canterbury,  p.  45). 
Pallet,  a  diminutive  of  the  pale. 
Partition  Lines,  16,  19. 


123. 

Paschal  Lamb  or  Holy  Lamb  (Example  No.  123). 
Passant,  walking,  the  attitude  of,  applied  to  animals. 


124. 


Patt£e,    also   Form£e,  cross    of   that    name    (Example 
No.  124). 


Index  and  Glossary.  91 

Paternoster,  a  cross  composed  of  beads. 

nF     t 

125.  126. 

Patonce  Cross  (Example  No.  125). 

Patriarchal  Cross  (Example  No.  126). 

Pean,  a  variety  of  the  fur  ermine  {see  foot-note  on  p.  2i). 

Peer,  a  noble. 

Pegasus,  a  winged  horse. 

Pelican.    This  bird,  when  represented  feeding  her  young,  is 

termed  in  her  piety. 
Pellet  or  Ogress,  24. 

Pennon,  a  small  flag  terminating  in  one  or  two  points. 
Per  Bend  {see  Example  No.  5,  p.  16). 
Per  Fess  {see  Example  No.  4,  p.  16). 
Per  Pale  {see  Example  No.  3,  p.  16). 
Period,  style  according  to  {see  Examples  Nos.  ^y,   88,  and 

p.  49). 


127. 

Pheon,   the   barbed   head   of  an  arrow   or  dart   (Example 
No.  127). 

N 


92 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Phcenix,  in  heraldry  depicted  as  a  demi-eagle  issuing  from 

flames. 
Pierced,  perforated  with  a  round  hole. 
Pierced,  transfixed  by  an  arrow  or  sword. 
Piety  {see  Pelican). 

Pile,  one  of  the  ordinaries  {see  Example  No.  1 5). 
Plate,  a  disc  of  silver  {see  p.  23). 
Points  of  the  Escutcheon  {see  p.  29). 
Pomme,  24. 


and 


n.n.o. 


128. 


Portcullis,  a  strong  grating  formerly  used  as  a  barrier  at 
the  portal  of  a  castle ;  also  the  title  of  one  of  the 
pursuivants-at-arms  (Example  No.  128). 

Potent,  one  of  the  furs  used  in  heraldry  (Example  No.  38). 


Potent  Cross,  a  cross  the  extremities  of  which  are  shaped 
like  the  head  of  a  crutch  (Example  No.  129). 


Index  and  Glossary.  93 

PbWDERED  or  SEMfiE,  sprinkled  or  strewn. 

Pride,  term  used  in  describing  a  peacock  or  turkey  when 
placed  full  front  with  the  tail  spread. 

Prince  of  Wales,  crown  of  {see  Example  No.  54,  p.  32). 

Princes,  crown  o{{see  Example  56,  p.  32). 

Proper  or  Pp\  of  the  natural  colour. 

Purpure,  purple  colour. 

Pursuivant,  a  herald  of  the  lesser  grade,  and  of  which  there 
are  four,  bearing  the  following  names:  Rouge  Croix, 
Blue-Mantle,  Rouge  Dragon,  and  Portcullis. 

Quartering  {see  p.  40). 

Quarterfoil  or  Quatrefoil,  four-leaved  shamrock. 

Queue,  the  tail. 

Quiver,  a  case  for  arrows. 

Ragged  {see  Ragul£,  p.  19,  Example  No.  35). 


130. 

Ragul£,  or  Raguly,  Cross  (Example  No.  130). 
Rampant,  abbreviated  Ramp'^-  the  well-known  and  spirited 

attitude   so  frequently  given  to  lions    and  other  wild 

beasts    in    heraldry  {see  Hon  ramp*-  gardant  in  shield. 

Examples  Nos.  87,  88). 
Rayonnant  or    Rayonn£    displaying   or    emitting    rays 

{see  Example  No.  32,  p.  19). 
Razed  or  Rased,  broken  or  splintered 

N  2 


94 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Rebus,  a  combination  of  objects  indicating  the  name  of  the 
owner  or  bearer.  Thus  a  bolt  (or  blunt  arrow)  and  a  tun 
(or  cask)  for  Bolton.  Termed  also  Canting  heraldry, 
and  at  one  time  much  adopted. 


Recercel£e,  or  Recersile,  Cross  (Example  No.  131). 

Reflexed,  bent  over  backwards. 

Regardant  or  Reguardant,  term  applied  to  an  animal 

when  shown  looking  backward. 
Respectant,  gazing  at  each  other,  or  face  to  face. 


Rest  or  Claricorde  (Example  No.  132). 
Retorted,  two  serpents  twisted  together. 
Ribbon  or  Ribband,  a  diminutive  of  the  bend. 
R0MP£  or  Rompu,  fractured  or  broken. 


Rose  (heraldic)  (Example  No.  133). 


. 


Index  mid  Glossary.  95 

Rouge  Croix  {see  Pursuivant). 
ROUNDLES  or  ROUNDLETS  {see  p.  23). 
Royal  Crown,  32. 
Royal  Duke,  crown  of,  32. 
Royal  Nephew,  crown  of,  32. 

RUSTRE,  a   small   lozenge   pierced   in   the  centre  with  a 
circular  aperture. 

S.  and  Sa.,  abbreviations  for  sable  or  black. 

Salamander,  a  reptile  fabulously  accredited  with  the  power 

of  being  able  to  exist  in  the  midst  of  flames. 
Salient,  springing  upward. 
Saltier  or  Saltire,  one  of  the  ordinaries  {see  Example 

No.  13,  p.  17). 
Sanglant,  bloody. 

Sanguine,  dark  red  or  murrey  (colour  but  seldom  used). 
SCARPE,  one  of  the  sub-ordinaries  and  a  diminutive  of  the 

bend  sinister. 
Scutcheon,  same  as  escutcheon. 


134. 
Sea-horse  (Example  No.  134). 


96  Heraldry  in  England. 

Seal,  Isabelle  de  la  Beche,  47,  48  {see  Example  No.  86). 

Richard  I.,  reference  to,  8. 

Second  Wife,  manner  of  marshalling  the  arms  of,  41,  42 

{see  Examples  Nos.  'j6,  yj,  78). 
Sedant  {see  Sejant), 
Seeded,  term  applied  to  the  centre  of  the  heraldic  rose  when 

describing  colour. 
Segreant,  same  as  rampant,  and  used  instead  of  that  term 

when  applied  to  the  griffin  or  the  dragon. 
Sejant,  sitting  (in  profile). 

Sem£e  or  SEMMfi,  obj'ects  strewn  or  scattered  upon  the  field. 
Sexfoil,  six-leaved  shamrock. 
Shackle  {see  Fetter-lock). 
Shafted,  term  used  in  denoting  the  colour  of  the  shaft  of 

the  arrow  or  spear,  thus  :  a  spear  shafted  or,  barbed  gu. 
Shamrock,  the  trefoil. 
Sheldrake,  a  duck. 
Shield,  reason  for  emblazoning,  7. 

emblazoned,  remarks  upon,  by  J.  L.  Planche,  Esq.,  8 

(foot-note). 

peculiar  forms  of,  14. 

division  lines  of,  16. 

importance  of  correctly  describing  bearings  on,  37. 

Shivered,  broken. 


135- 
Shuttle,  weaver's  (Example  No.  135). 


Index  and  Glossary.  97 

Sinister,  the  left  (reverse  of  dexter). 

Slipped,  term  denoting  that  a  sprig,  branch,  or  \tz,{  has  been 

torn  from  the  parent  stem. 
SOARANT,  soaring  or  flying  above. 
Spectant  {see  Gaze). 
Spinster,  arms  of,  38. 
Spread  {see  Displayed). 


137- 


Spur,  a  goad  for  a  horse  (Example  No.  136). 

Stafford  Knot  (Example  No.  137). 

Starved,  term  applied  to  a  leafless  tree. 

Statant,  standing.  In  this  position  all  four  feet  of  the  beast 
should  be  on  the  wreath  or  ground. 

Stouping  or  Stooping,  applied  to  a  hawk  in  the  act  of 
descending  or  swooping. 

Stringed  or  Strung,  the  string  attached  to  a  bugle-horn 
{see  Example  No.  97). 

Style,  remarks  upon,  49  {see  Examples  Nos.  87,  88). 

Sub-ordinaries.  Berry,  in  his  "  Introduction  to  Heraldry," 
mentions  twenty-five  varieties,  as  follows  : — The  Bar, 
the  Banilet,  Bars  Gemelles,  the  Cottice,  the  Pallet,  the 
Endorse,  the  Bendlet^  the  Ribbon,  the  Cost,  the  Scarpe,  the 


98 


Heraldry  in  England. 


Chevrofiel,  the  Couple  Close^  the  Bordtire,  the  Tressure, 
the  Inescocheon,  the  Pile,  the  Canton,  Flanclies,  the  Gyron, 
the  /^r^/,  the  /*«//,  the  Lozenge,  the  Mascle,  the  Fusil,  and 
the  Rustre. 

Supporters,  figures  placed  by  the  side  of  a  shield,  and  in 
the  act  of  holding  or  supporting  it,  36,  37. 

SURGIANT,  about  to  rise  on  the  wing. 


Tabard,  a  richly-embroidered  coat  without  sleeves,  worn  by 

heralds. 
Talbot,  an  English  hound. 
Tasces,  armour  for  the  thighs. 


T 


138. 


Tau  or  Cross  of  St.  Anthony  (Example  No.  138). 
Tenn£  or  Tawney,  orange  colour,  seldom  used  in  English 

heraldry  {see  foot-note,  p.  26). 
TORCE  or  Torse,  the  crest-wreath. 
TORQUED,  wreathed. 
TORTEAUX  {see  ROUNDLES,  p.  24). 


\ 


it 


Index  and  Glossary. 


99 


Transfixed  or  Transpierced,  pierced  completely  through. 
Trefoil,  shamrock. 


Tressure,  Flory  Counter-flory  (Example  No.  139). 

Tricking,  26. 

Trident,  a  spear  with  three  barbed  points. 

Trippant,  tripping,  an  attitude  frequently  accorded  to  stags, 

antelopes,  &c. 
Tyger,  heraldic  tiger  {see  Example  No.  118). 


Unde,  Und^e,  or  Undy,  same  as  Wavy. 
Unguled,  hoofed,  usually  followed  by  the  colour. 


140. 

Unicorn,  a  fabulous  animal  (Example  No.   140). 
Urinant,  swimming  with  the  tail  upwards. 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 

FORM  NO.  DDl  3,  74m,  3/78          BERKELEY,  CA  94720 

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U  C.BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


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